الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 161 |  |  |
| | | from | 161 | | |
Abstract
Corporal punishment as defined by United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) “any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light”.
In Egypt, 78% experienced physical punishment according to Demographic and health survey, 2014. Worldwide the prevalence is 82% in children aged 2-14.
In Egypt, Ministerial directive states corporal punishment should not be in used penal institutions but yet no prohibition in law at any setting. In 1979, Sweden was pioneer in prohibiting of corporal punishment of children in all settings, including home. Today, there are 53 states that have achieved prohibition of corporal punishment including only one Arab state which is Tunisia.
In 2016, The National Council for Childhood and Motherhood, together with UNICEF and supported by the European Union, launched (Calm no harm) campaign to raise awareness about non-violent discipline and positive parenting that reached millions of Egyptians through multimedia.
Many risk factors are associated with the use corporal punishment, such as a young parental age, the male gender of the child, a low educational level among parents, low family income and mothers’ childhood history of corporal punishment.
Corporal punishment is associated with short and long-term negative effects on children’s development that outweigh any probable benefit. It increases externalizing behavior problems, especially aggression towards peers and siblings, internalizing problems such as depression and low self-esteem, antisocial behaviors; increased risk for developing conduct disorders, disruptions in parent–child attachment and delay in cognitive development .
The ineffective use of physical punishment can escalate into severe physical punishment, which can lead to physical abuse.
Intergenerational cycle of violence is created when parents who experienced frequent corporal punishment during childhood frequently spank their children and children subjected to CP, in turn, preferred aggressive conflict resolution strategies with peers.
Physicians have a primary role to play in changing care givers’ attitudes toward CP by offering guidance for parents.
Since low and middle-income countries seem to be more severely affected by CP and given the lack of studies on the issue, we believe the present study can make a significant contribution.
Our study will help increasing knowledge in this area by accurately establishing the actual magnitude of the problem and its reasons, and therefore, allow the implementation of preventive and intervention programs targeting corporal punishment and guiding future public prevention and intervention policies against corporal punishment
Objectives
1. To identify the prevalence of corporal punishment among children attending primary care centers at Saraya El Kobba and 6th district Nasr City .
2. To identify the socio-demographic risk factors
3. To identify reasons for using corporal punishment.
4. To assess knowledge of mothers about outcomes of using corporal punishment.
PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS
Cross sectional study conducted at primary care centers of Saraya El Kobba and 6th district Nasr City pediatrics and family medicine clinics.The data was collected over six months between May 2017 to November 2017.
A sample of 320 Egyptian mothers of 2-14 years old children were interviewed. 22 cases were dropped out as they refused to continue the questionnaire. Mothers included had children aging from 2-14 y. They were excluded if children had history of child abuse or chronic disease
Data collection tool:
A structured interview questionnaire using a mege of valdiated questionnaires and designed questionnaire by the researcher.
1. Validated questionnaires:
d. Socio-ecnomic Score (El-Shakhs, 1995)
e. Frequency of CP (Misbehavior scale , Holden 1995)
f. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS 5) (UNICEF, 2014)
2. Desgnied questionnaires :
d. Personal data
e. Reasons that evoked mothers to use CP
f. Mothers’ knowledge about CP outcomes
Then final questionnaire was formed of 4 sections:
1. Personal data, socio-ecnomic score & frequency of CP
2. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS 5)
3. Reasons that evoked mothers to use CP
4. Mothers knowledge about CP outcomes
Results
The prevelance of CP among the studied sample is 97%. Regarding socio-economic status (SES), the majority of participants were among are low intermediate SES (34.2%) and high intermediate SES (25.8%). We has found association between socio-economic status mothers’ age and child age with the usage of CP ( P = 0.000, P = 0.035) respectively. The study has found no significant association between CP usage or child order or child gender (P > 0.05).
Regarding frequency of CP usage, our study showed that frequent usage represented 59.7% compared to infrequent usage of 37.2%
we have found significant association between mothers’ attitudes and childhood Experience of CP and the frequency of CP usage with their children.
There is significant association between all of mothers’ reasons for using CP and the frequency of CP usage with their children.The most common reasons reported by mothers for using CP is being under stress (71.8%), being angry (67.4%) and inability to control emotions (66.1%).
Although mothers believed that CP is not necessary to educate child proper behavior but educating child acceptable behavior and obeying mothers’ orders are on the top of list of reasons respectively (67.1% , 65.1%)
Mothers’ knowledge score of CP outcome was higher among mothers who practiced CP infrequently
According to our study results, we recommend that primary care practitioners should be trained to offer parenting guidance to families especially where ther is no contact with any other health care provider. Our findings indicate the need to formulate effective interventions targeting the groups at higher risk for using CP like underprivileged socioeconomic groups, young age mothers, mothers with young age childern and mothers who experienced CP during childhood.