الفهرس 
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Abstract
Epidemiological situation of piroplasmosis among bovine population revealed that, out of (148) animals examined for detection of Theileria annulata and Babesia bigemina during the period from March, 2015 until April, 2016. Number of infected animals with Theileria annulata and Babesia bigemina, were 74 and 14 respectively. The incidence rates were 50.05% and 9.45% respectively. The incidence of piroplasmosis in diseased animal infested with tick represent 46.3% (44/95) animal, in apparently healthy animal infested with tick was 14.18% (21/95) animal, in diseased animal free from tick was 13.5% (20/53) animal and in apparently healthy animal free from tick were 2.05% (3/53) animal. Piroplasmosis can be transmitted by different routes; Ticks consider the main route of transmission. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum is main vector in transmission of Theileria species. Boophilus microplus tick was the main vector in transmission of Babesia species. But in this study found that T.annulata may be transmitted by Boophilus tick. Intrauterine or transplacental transmission may occur, as there are about 4 calves aged below one week, free from tick and infected with Theileria clinically and confirmed by PCR. It occurs with unknown natural exposure to the tick vector in areas where transmitter tick vectors may be present. The seasonal incidence of clinical piroplasmosis in our study showed that, the maximal infection rate was recorded during summer. The infection rates of clinical piroplasmosis were 55.5% (25/ 45) animals), 80.7% (46/ 57animals), 43.3% (13/30 animals) and 25% (4/16 animals) in spring, summer, autumn and winter season respectively, from total examined animals (148). The incidence of piroplasmosis according to sex revealed that higher infection rate was recorded in female (71.5 %) as compared to male (26.4 %). It was found that the exotic foreign breed and crossbred animals showed higher degree of susceptibility to piroplasmosis represents 62.8 %. On the other, the local native breed showed somewhat resistance which may develop as a result of endemic stability of the disease or previously infection represents 20%. Egyptian buffaloes showed higher degree of susceptibility to piroplasmosis represents 60% than cattle which represent 59.1%. Clinical observation of piroplasmosis revealed that, clinical signs of animals infected with Theileria annulata showed rise of temperature 40 – 41 ºC, enlargement of lymph node, anorexia, cessation of rumination, ocular discharge and general weakness. Constipation was observed in some cases followed by blackish feces, nasal discharge and corneal opacity. Clinical signs of animals infected with Babesia bigemina showed clinical signs, fever 40 – 41 ºC, anorexia, cessation of rumination, increase heart and respiratory rates, congested mucous membrane then tend to be pale and general weakness. In sever cases occur haemoglobinuria and also death occur. Most of these animals were suspected to be infected with piroplasmosis and /or infested with tick. For diagnosis of piroplasmosis in blood, lymph and tick we depend on microscopic examination of Giemsa stained (blood, lymph and hemolymph) smear and PCR technique. Microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood smear is routinely used for diagnosis of piroplasmosis, because it is simple to perform, quick and cost effective techniques and remains the most rapid confirmatory method for detecting this infection in acute phase of the disease. However, less sensitivity makes it difficult to detect carrier cases or chronic phases of piroplasmosis.While PCR turned out to be a sensitive and accurate method for diagnosis of piroplasmosis in animals and tick in the early phase of infection and in carrier animals by DNA amplification. The PCR assay further revealed presence of sporokinetes amongst the engorged female ticks whose hemolymph was apparently negative for piroplasmosis.