الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of two commonly used erotic drugs; tramadol and sildenafil in addition to the combined effect of both drugs on the reproductive system of male albino rats.
The study was carried out on 120 male albino rats, weighing 130–150 gm, obtained from faculty of veterinary medicine, Beni-SuefUniversityand maintained in the animal nutrition house of faculty of medicine, El Miniauniversity.
The animals were divided into four groups; The 1st was control group (30 rats) whichis subdivided into three subgroups, each received normal saline 0.9%, 1ml/day orally for 15, 30 &45 days respectively. The 2nd was tramadol group(30 rats) which is subdivided into three subgroups, each treated with tramadol 60 mg/kg subcutaneously three times per week for 15, 30 & 45 days respectively. The 3rdwas sildenafil group(30 rats) which issubdivided into three subgroups, each treated with sildenafil 10 mg/kg/day orallyfor 15, 30 & 45 days respectively. The last one was tramadol and sildenafil group (30 rats) which is subdivided into three subgroups, each treated with tramadol 60 mg/kg subcutaneously three times per week andsildenafil 10 mg/kg/day orally for 15, 30 & 45 days respectively.At the end of the experiments, the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected and analysed for serum levels of testosterone, FSH, LH and prolactin. Also, the testes were excised and fixed in Bouin solution for histopathological examination.
The biochemical findings revealed that there was a significant decrease in serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels and a significant increase in prolactin level in animalstreated with tramadolcompared with the control group.There was alsoa significant increase in serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels and a significant decrease in serum prolactin level in animals treated with sildenafil compared with the control group.Moreover, concomitant administration of tramadol and sildenafil resulted in a decrease in serum testosterone, FSH and LH and an increase in serum prolactin level compared with the control group.
Although, the biochemical changes observed in the tramadol group and combined group were similar, yet the changes were more prominent in animals treated with tramadol only indicating the predominant effect of tramadol administration on male sex hormones than sildenafil. Also, in all the studied groups, the observed biochemical changes started mild and increased by increasing the duration of drug administration.
The encountered histopathological findings indicated that exposure to tramadol, sildenafil and concomitant tramadol + sildenafil overdoses for 15 days produced unremarkable pathological changes in testicular specimens, while exposure to the same drugs for 30 daysproduced interstitial edema and vascular congestion. However exposure to tramadol overdoses for 45 days produced distinct histopathological changes in the form of damaged spermatogenesis with absence of spermatozoa, presence of multiple vacuoles among the spermatogenic cells, numerous apoptotic bodies and abnormal giant cells, interstitial edema, congestion and focal calcifications. Furthermore, exposure to sildenafil overdoses for 45 days produced focal arrest of spermatogenesis, focal disruption of the basement membrane of some tubules, marked edema, vascular congestion and Leydig cellhyperplasia. In addition, exposure to both drugs overdoses for 45 days produced severe testicular degeneration without spermatogenesis, severe disruption of the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules, appearance of apoptotic bodies and abnormal giant cells together with interstitial edema and congestion, focal calcifications and reduced number ofLeydig cells.
Finally, we conclude that tramadol, sildenafil and tramadol+sildenafil have adverse effects on the male reproductive system and these effects should be kept in mind during long term therapy especially in large doses.