الفهرس 
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Abstract
Lead environmental pollution is a major concern for public health, It is a ubiquitous pollutant that is responsible for a substantial disease burden and disproportionately affects the developing world; 99% of the severest cases of overt lead poisoning occur in developing countries .
The aim of this study was to evaluate renal impairment in lead battery workers .
Sixty subjects (all males) were included in this study, 10 volunteer subjects as control (group I ) and 50 workers categorized as study subjects who worked on lead battery factories in Minia Governorate .The workers included in this study were divided into two group according to their blood lead level, (group II): included 24 workers with blood lead level < 20 µg/dl and (group III): included 26 workers with blood lead ≥ 20 µg/dl.
Each one of these subjects was subjected to:
1- A questionnaire which was prepared to all subjects of the study, the following information from all participants was collected: Comprehensive history including: sociodemographic data ( age, duration of employment, marital status, special habites as cigarette smoking or alcohol), history of chronic illness and past history of operations.
Clinical assessment was done to all subject in this study to exclude any debilitating disease.
Laboratory work up done for the subject of the study including Blood lead level, Renal function indices as blood urea and serum creatinine, Serum uric acid, Serum ß2 microglobulin and Urinary delta-Aminolevulinic acid (δ –ALA).
The results of our study showed that:
Regarding the demographic data, there was significant relation with Age and Smoking when compare group I (Control) with group III whose blood lead level ≥ 20 µg/dl. And also on comparing group II whose blood lead level < 20 µg/dl with group III . On the other hand there were no significant differences between Control group and group II with any of the demographic data. Also there was no significant relation regarding blood lead and alcohol in all groups of the study.
Workers in group III were found to have significantly higher levels of, blood urea , serum creatinine, serum uric acid, ß2 microglobulin and urinary delta aminolevulinic acid than Workers in group II . No statistical significant difference between workers in group II and control group apart from blood lead levels which were found higher in workers of group II compared to control but there was statistical significant between Workers in group III and control group regarding blood lead level, urinary delta aminolevulinic acid , blood urea , serum creatinine, serum uric acid, ß2 microglobulin and urinary delta aminolevulinic acid.