الفهرس 
1.1 Historical Survey of Sensor NetworksOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Wireless Sensor Network, generally abbreviated to WSN, has been identified as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century. The recent advances of WSN technology have been widely adapted their rapid integration in new critical application fields including infrastructure, environmental and battle field monitoring. In this concern, the proposed thesis was focused on the applications of such technology on different environmental areas. The proposed WSN system was equipped with an extensive data acquisition system based on Arduino Mega, advanced wireless module of the model RF1100-232 as well, eleven microclimatic sensors were chosen for applying different applications. Physical parameters sensors were classified as: seven MOS gas sensors; like hydrogen H2, iso-butane/propane, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), air quality, natural gas and alcohol besides temperature and humidity sensors. In addition to, radiation light sensor and chemical soil moisture sensor. The proposed system is characterized with its low cost and small-sized electronic components capable of collecting different parameters levels while visually displaying real time through an interactive wireless communication capabilities. All the experimental data were collected, stored, analyzed and represented in the form of numbers and charts using MATLAB Program. For the system better power management, the advanced solar power scheme based on solar cell was implemented to access less power consumption. Moreover, a message alarm was sent to the base station if the measured values surpass the normal value. The proposed design and implementation of hardware technologies and software architectures, as well, the work of various electronic testing equipment and circuits were explained in details. In this concern the following environmental areas applying WSN were discussed: a. Fire Detection Application The new real time forest fire - and indoor fire detection - methods based on wireless sensor networks were discussed. In order to prevent higher damages, lower the risk, and to avoid an environmental disaster the fire must be early detected. For this reason, a simplified Wireless Fire Detection System (WFDS) was designed and implemented, based on a set of microclimatic sensors (carbon monoxide (CO) gas, humidity and temperature). b. Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Application Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is a term that describes the air quality of the building occupants. IAQ is considered to be an important factor which must be controlled for the occupants’ health and comfort. It can be affected by different factors; dust particles, chemical or gaseous pollutants as well biological factors. In this concern, a low-cost Wireless Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System (WIAQMS) based on the several microclimatic gas sensors; carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), natural gas and alcohol in addition to air temperature and humidity were considered throughout the thesis. The obtained results reveal that the system could be as an effective indoor air quality assessment prevents exposure risk. c. Outdoor Air Pollution Monitoring Application Air pollution has significant influence on the concentration of the atmosphere constituents which leads to global warming and acid rains. Detecting such adverse imbalance in nature, Wireless Air Pollution Monitoring System (WAPMS) was constructed and implemented to detect the fine-grain pollution data of the gases. WAPMS was constructed using a light weight sensor node, based on the following set of MOS gas sensors; carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) as well air quality sensor which detect nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3). A set of experiments have been carried out applying the proposed wireless for Outdoor Air Pollution Monitoring system in different zones in Egypt; including Helwan, Maadi, Dokki, Heliopolis, New Cairo and North Coast. A good agreement of the captured data and that promulgated by the Ministry of the Environment in 2014 about ”Environment in Egypt”. d. Greenhouse Monitoring and Controlling Application The development of WSN applications in precision agriculture area makes it possible to provide environmental monitoring and controlling services. The facilities for maintaining the crop growing environment in an optimal status, demanding improving efficiencies, productivity and profitability in many agriculture production systems, while minimizing unintended impacts on wildlife and the environment. Adjusting strategies for farmers at any time, the obtained real time information from the field could be provided as an information base for precision farming approaches and adjusting management action accordingly. In the greenhouses, as an example, several measurements are desired to trace different physical parameters levels. In this concern, the proposed thesis presented the innovative real time system named Wireless Greenhouse Monitoring and Controlling System (WGMCS). It could be monitoring and controlling microclimatic parameters levels in greenhouse prototype like gases: hydrogen H2, iso-butane/ propane, CO, and CO2, and in addition to temperature, humidity, light, and soil moisture. Moreover, for maintaining the microclimatic parameters of the greenhouse at optimum levels, automation control system was applied. The control unit of the system is mainly constructed on a set of control circuits: temperature, humidity, irrigation, and light. Subsequently, the prototype supports quality in terms of low cost, low energy consumption, flexibility and user friendliness. Thesis Outlines To achieve thesis scope, the study covers the following topics: Chapter (1) presents an overture to WSN and historical review of its developments. In addition, a brief review of the previously published scientific work in the area of interest was surveyed. Chapter (2) describes architecture, challenges as well, applications of WSN, besides, different types of controlling systems were explained. Chapter (3) covers a brief description of the electronic equipments, which serve in circuits design, testing and properties measurements of the proposed devices. Chapter (4) this chapter is mainly concerned with the description of the technological tools used to carry out all of the design, simulation, implementation and experimental work including hardware plat-forms and operating systems. Chapter (5) explains the calibration method for the proposed sensors, describes their calibration curves and discusses the real time results obtained from different prototypes applications. Included fire detection, indoor air quality, outdoor air pollution and greenhouse systems. Chapter (6) draw out and spotlight on the main overall conclusions and identifies the topics for future research work.