الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of some plant oil extracts as toxic and antifeedant compounds against the larvae of banded black carpet beetle, Attagenus fasciatus in comparison to some chemical insecticides. Also, aims to examine whether the insect infestation and treatments with plant extracts and chemical insecticides can cause physical, mechanical and chemical change of woolen textile artifacts.
The obtained results can be summarized as followed:
1. Bioassay Studies.
1.1. Susceptibility of A. fasciatus Larvae to Plant Oils Extracts.
Three plant oils extracts of cinnamon, clove and eucalyptus were used in this study and fumigation method was applied against the third instars larvae of Attagenus fasciatus.
Results revealed that cinnamon oil is the most effective followed by clove oil, then eucalyptus oil.LC50values of 3rdinstar A. fasciatus larvae treated with cinnamon oil was 0.99 %, while for clove oil was 1.16and for eucalyptus oil was 1.42%. On the other hand, the LC90value for cinnamon oil was 3.34%, while for clove oil was 3.91%and for eucalyptus oil was 5.64%.
Cinnamon oil proved to be more potent and effective than other tested oils, being strongly recommended for insect control and protecting the museums artifacts against pest infestations.
1.2. The Antifeedants Effects of Plant Oil Extracts against 3rd instar A. fasciatus larvae.
The present study aimed to detect the antifeedant effect of three tested oils by evaluation the loss of weight of treated wool with oils.
The results showed that the strength of the antifeedant effects of the tested plant oils extracts on the 3rd instar A. fasciatus larvae was in the order: cinnamon oil > eucalyptus oil > clove oil. The antifeedant effect of the tested volatile oil caused feeding inhibition of fabric insect pests.
1.3. Susceptibility of Banded Black Carpet Beetle to Chemical Insecticides.
In the present study, the toxic activity of three insecticides carbon disulphide, paradichlorobenzene and pestban 48% ECwas tested against 3rd instarlarvae of the banded black carpet beetle, A. fasciatus.
The highest mortality rate was achieved by Carbon disulphide followed by Pestban then Paradichlorobenzen, where the LC50s were 1.33, 1.8 and 2.79 %, respectively. Otherwise, the LC90values were 4.92, 7.87 and 8.00%, respectively. The rate of mortality increased by increasing the concentration of the tested chemicals and vice versa.
2. Effect of Plant Oils extracts and Chemical Insecticides on Thermally Aged Woolen samples:
2.1. Effect of oils and chemical insecticides on the color change of the infested wool samples with black carpet beetle.
Colorimetric test was used first for the determination of the color change of the infested wool samples with 3rd instar A. fasciatus larvae. The present study indicated the color changes induced by the treatment of the infested samples with plant oils extracts and chemical insecticides.
The results showed that the average total color difference for the wool samples treated with natural oils and chemical insecticides ranged from 0.461 to 1.97 ΔE units. When evaluated visually, however, there was no perceivable color change or yellowing in any of the test specimens.
2.2. Effect of oils and chemical insecticides on the mechanical properties of the infested wool samples with black carpet beetle.
The present study detected the tensile strength induced by the treatment of the infested samples with natural oils and chemical insecticides.
Results indicated that black carpet beetle had a deteriorating effect on wool. The results also showed that all the treatments have a positive effect on the wool mechanical properties. They increase the strength of wool as binds to the poly peptides by cross linking imparting strength to it.
2.3. Effect of oils and chemical insecticides on the chemical properties of the infested wool samples with black carpet beetle.
The effect of treatment on chemical properties of the infested samples with natural oils and chemical insecticides was studied. A. fasciatus among few insects that have developed the ability to break the disulphide bond allowing normal enzymatic digestion.
The results also showed elevation in the intensities of all the functional groups in all cases of treatments. According to ATR-FTIR results, presence of these substances affected positively on the wool structure. Therefore, the use of these substances considers as a model insect control strategies for museum pests.