الفهرس 
Optics of Ophthalmoscopy and Camera PhotographyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Retinal photography (fundus photography) is an essential part of ophthalmology practice. Acquisition of high-quality fundus images requires a combination of appropriate optics and illumination usually in the form of a condensing lens and a coaxial light source. Smart phones are being increasingly used among health professionals. Smart phones can be useful instruments for the practice of evidence-based medicine, professional education, mobile clinical communication, patient education, remote patient monitoring or as powerful administrative tools. Fundus photography Involves capturing a photograph of the back of the eye. Specialized fundus cameras that consist of an intricate microscope attached to a flashed enabled camera are used in fundus photography. The optical design of fundus cameras is based on the principle of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. The mobile phone camera can be used to perform indirect ophthalmoscopy when used in conjunction with a + 20D condensing lens. The LED flash of the camera can be used to illuminate the fundus. The flash should be turned on to illuminate and view the fundus. New device which is a lightweight, 3D printed adapter that directly and reversibly couples mobile phones and higher to standard indirect ophthalmoscopy condensing lenses. The attachment can utilize either the phone’s native flash for lighting or another coaxial light source. A small optical device, which is attached magnetically to a smart phone, is developed to conveniently examine and record videos or photographs of the retina. This attachment works on the principles of direct ophthalmoscopy and exploits the smart phone camera’s autofocus capability to account for a patient’s refractive error.