الفهرس 
SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE ESOPHAGUSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) has long been recognized as a significant public health concern. GERD is present when passage of gastric contents into the esophagus causes troublesome symptoms or complications. GERD increases the risk of esophageal stricture, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal cancer, and has a negative impact on work productivity and quality of life.
PURPOSE: To summarize the information on updates in surgical management of Gastro-esophageal reflux disease.
METHOD: Literature was reviewed concerning recent surgical management of Gastro-esophageal reflux disease.
RESULTS: there are different surgical methods for management of GERD; open surgery include: Nissen procedure which consists of wrapping the stomach fundus around the last 6 cm of the esophagus, Toupet proposed a partial fundoplication constructing a 270º posterior wrap. The most used techniques for reflux laparoscopic surgery are Nissen (360º fundoplication) and Toupet (270º posterior wrap).
CONCLUSION
Laparoscopic fundoplication is considered now as the gold standard procedure for the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia. It is minimally invasive approach that have some advantages: shorter hospital stay, reduced morbidity, and less postoperative pain