الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work aimed at study phylogenetic relationships constructed via bioinformatics tools based on molecular data of ITS marker in plants of twelve species under six genera (Cotula cinerea, Cotula barbata, Cotula anthemoids, Achillea santolina, Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia monosperma, Artemisia judaica, Matricaria recutita, Matricaria aurea, Glebionis coronaria var. discolor, Glebionis coronaria, and Anacyclus monanthos) of Asteracaea collected from different localities from Egypt. Studies extended to include, cytological examinations (meiotic behavior and pollen grain morphology) on four representative species (Glebionis coronaria, Anacyclus monanthos, Matricaria recutita and cotula barbata) and Gene localization of 5s rDNA and 45 rDNA and A-T rich segments by DAPI on mitotic chromosomes of only one species (Achillea fragrantissima) using molecular cytogenetic technique (FISH).
PCR products of ITS universal primers showed one monomorphic band with molecular weight about 730 bp of all studied species. The length of ITS region varied from 626 bp (Anacyclus monanthos) to 675 bp (Cotula anthemoids) including 256-307 bp for the ITS1 region, 164 bp for the 5.8S rRNA gene and 168-244 bp for the ITS2 region. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on divergence sequence of ITS1 and ITS2 in 11species and Inula helenum, Clandula officinalis and Granoea maderspatona as an out-group. Deep insight in the present phylogenetic tree showed a complex situation of the species belonging genus Artemisia(sub-tribe: Artimisinae) because one species Artemisia judaica appeared related to those distant of sub-tribe chrysanthiminea. On the other hand, Artemisia monosperma seemed more related to those of sub-tribe Matricarinae.
Almost all examined PMCs in plants of Glebionis coronaria, Anacyclus monanthos and Matricaria chamomilla have nine bivalents and exhibited regular meiosis with two nucleolus bivalents at diakinesis. The pollen grains of Glebionis coronaria, Anacyclus monanthos and Matricaria chamomilla have different forms of chromatin condensation either condensed or dispersed. The pollen shape and morphology of the three species were recognized by measuring polar and equatorial axis. All pollen grains of them were oblate-spheroidal.