الفهرس 
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Abstract
Freshwater is a finite resource, essential for agriculture, industry and even human existence. Without freshwater of adequate quantity and quality sustainable, development will not be possible. Not only freshwater is essential to life but also it may be related to a number of problems, which affect health and agriculture. The present well documented technologies used in water treatment are becoming unsustainable, unecological, expensive to run, managed and maintained, so simple technologies such as the application of plant coagulants to treat water has been extensively reported.
Field study was carried out in four different water bodies in Qaluobyia governorate (River Nile, El-Rayiah El-Tawfiky, El-Sharkawia canal and Ismailia canal) during 2013. Thirty six water samples were collected and tested for total plate count of bacteria, total coliforms bacterial count, Closterdium perfringens and Enterococcus faecalis as indicator of sewage pollution in water. Positive water samples for coliforms bacteria during the study period were tested for the presence of Gram-negative bacilli bacteria, where 55 bacterial isolates were examined and identified by biochemical reactions.
Also, some environmental factors of water samples were determined such as: temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS) and dissolved oxygen (DO).
Present data revealed that 67% of collected water samples were positive for Enterococcus faecalis, which indicate that high sewage pollution surface water in Qaluobyia.
Results of total plate count showed that El-Sharkawia canal recorded the highest mean 16.3x106 CFU/ml, while River Nile reported the lowest one 8.1x106 CFU/ml, However El-Rayiah El-Tawfiky and Ismailia canal reported 13.6x106 CFU/ml and 14.6x106 CFU/ml, respectively.
For total coliforms bacteria, present data revealed that El-Sharkawia canal and Ismailia canal reported the highest mean 2400 MPN/100ml and River Nile recorded the lowest one 112 MPN/100ml, while El-Rayiah El-Tawfiky recorded 1967 MPN/100ml.
Closteridium perfringens bacteria was reported to be negative in all water samples which were studied during the study period.
Gram-negative bacterial isolates were purified and identified for fourteen bacterial genera. However, River Nile recorded the highest number of Gram-negative bacterial isolates (7 isolates); while El-Rayiah El-Tawfiky and Ismailia canal reported the lowest one (3 isolates). P. shigelloides recorded the highest percentage (32.7%) of Gram-negative identified bacterial isolates, while P. penerri, Citrobacter spp., A. janadaei, Y. enterocolitica, Hafnia spp. and P. aeruginosa they all recorded the lowest percentage (1.8%), while E. coli, P. vulgaris, V. mimicus, Yersinia spp., C. freundii, Proteus spp. and Acinetobacter spp. recorded 23.6%, 7.2%, 7.2%, 5.4%, 5.4%, 3.6% and 3.6%, respectively.
For environmental factors, present data revealed that temperature of water that collected during study period ranged from 19oC to 26oC, where the highest mean temperature was recorded for Ismailia canal and the lowest one was for River Nile.
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of water samples was ranged from 7.2 to 8.4, where the highest mean of pH reported for Ismailia canal and the lowest one for River Nile. Also, electric conductivity ranged from 290 to 510 µ.mhos/cm and the highest mean of electric conductivity recorded at Ismailia canal, while the lowest one was reported for El-Rayiah El-Tawfiky.
Present data revealed that total dissolved salts (TDS) of water samples ranged from 204 to 345 ppm, where the lowest mean value of TDS was recorded for El-Rayiah El-Tawfiky, and the highest one was for Ismailia canal. While, dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 2.9 to 3.7 ppm, where the lowest mean value of DO was recorded for Ismailia canal, and the highest one was for El-Rayiah El-Tawfiky.
The bactericidal activity of seven different plants namely Azadirchata indica, Calendula officinalis, Jatropha curcas, Acacia nilotica, Stevia rebaudiana, Moringa oleifera and Melia azedarch against fourteen genera of Gram-negative bacterial isolates that cause the water bacterial pollution was determined. Preparation of different extracts for 7 tested plants were done using four different solvents water, methanol, petroleum ether and chloroform for tested plants.
Present data revealed that petroleum ether extract of A. nilotica and S. rebaudiana were the most effective extracts, where each of them produced inhibition zones with thirteen of Gram-negative bacterial isolates such as P. vulgaris, Proteus spp., C. freundii, and P. aeruginosa bacteria. Also, chloroform extract of S. rebaudiana and petroleum ether extract of C. officinalis both affected on twelve bacterial isolates like Proteus spp., Hafnia spp. and P. aeruginosa bacteria. Also, petroleum ether extract of M. azedarch affected eleven bacterial isolates as E. coli, P. vulgaris and P. aeruginosa bacteria.
However, water extract of A. nilotica was the least affective on the studied Gram-negative bacterial isolates, where it affected only Y. enterocolitica.
Petroleum ether extract of A. indica was the most effective against Gram-negative bacterial isolates, while chloroform extract was the least effective. The highest inhibition zone was 22 mm recorded by chloroform extract against P. penerri, while the lowest one was 9 mm produced by petroleum ether extract against p. aeruginosa bacteria.
Also, petroleum ether extract of C. officinalis was the most effective extract against Gram-negative bacterial isolates, while water extract was the least effective and the highest diameter of inhibition zone was 20.5 mm recorded by methanol extract against Proteus spp., while the lowest one was 9 mm produced by water extract against P. vulgaris bacteria.
In case of J. curcas, petroleum ether extract was the most effective extract against Gram-negative bacterial isolates, while chloform and water extracts were the least effective, where the highest inhibition zone was 20 mm produced by petroleum ether extract against Y. enterocolitica, while the lowest one was 10 mm produced by methanol extract against A. janadaei and petroleum ether extract against P. shigelloides bacteria.
Moreover, the most effective extract of A. nilotica against the isolated Gram-negative bacteria was petroleum ether extract and the least effective one was water extract. The highest inhibition zone 18 mm produced with petroleum ether extract against C. freundii bacteria, while the lowest one 9 mm was reported by water extract against Y. enterocolitica and methanol extract against P. shigelloides and Citrobacter spp. bacteria.
Also, petroleum ether extract of S. rebaudiana was the most effective against Gram-negative bacterial isolates and water extract was the least effective. The highest inhibition zone 26.5 mm was recorded by water extract against Proteus spp. bacteria, while the lowest one was 9 mm was produced by chloroform extract against P. vulgaris bacteria.
Water extract of M. oleifera was the most effective extract against Gram-negative bacterial isolates, while methanol and chloroform extracts were the least effective. The highest inhibition zone 20.5 mm recorded by methanol extract against Acinetobacter spp., while the lowest one was 9 mm produced by petroleum ether extract against P. shigelloides, and A. janadaei bacteria.
Petroleum ether extract of Melia azedarch was the most effective against isolated Gram-negative bacteria and water extract was the least effective one. The highest inhibition zone produced 32 mm was produced by water extract against Proteus spp., while the lowest one 9 mm was produced by methanol extract against A. janadaei and petroleum ether extract on P. penerri and Citrobacter spp. bacteria.
Present data indicated that M. oleifera seeds have considerable potential to be used in the treatment of hard water and reduction of pH, total dissolved salts, nitrate and hardness. So, this method might reduce water borne diseases.
from these results the study recommends the following:
1- Greater attention must be directed to sanitation services in Qaluobyia governorate, where 67% of water samples collected during the study recorded positive results for the presence of Enterococcus faecalis signifier of sewage pollution which lead to the spread of many diseases.
2- Use of plant extracts for the treatment of bacterial contamination of water as a safe alternative to traditional methods of treatment, where it is less expensive and more secure on health.
3- The use of petroleum ether plant extract, where it showed antibacterial activity against most genera of water pathogenic bacteria that have been isolated and studied during the study period.
4- Use of petroleum ether extract each of the Acacia nilotica and stevia rebaudiana to control bacterial contamination of freshwater, where they were most effective against 13 genera of water pathogenic bacteria that have been isolated and studied.
5- The study showed the possibility of the use of powdered seeds of Moringa oleifera for the treatment of bacterial contamination of the water, where it has demonstrated the ability to reduce the total bacterial count and total coliforms of water samples, which may help in reducing the rate of diseases caused by water pollution.
6- More studies on antimicrobial activity of plant extracts for treatment of water bacterial pollution.