الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study included 80 patients, who enrolled to evaluate the efficiency of articaine local anaesthetic as infiltration anaesthesia in the extraction of mandibular molars.
All subjects were in a good health and not taking any medication that would alter pain perception as determined by oral questioning.Patients were selected from both sexes, adults having lower molar teeth indicated for extraction.
Patients were divided into four age groups and each group consists of 20 patients:
Group (I): consists of 20 patients aged between (20-30 years).
Group (II): consists of 20 patients aged between (30-40 years).
Group (III): consists of 20 patients aged between (40-50 years).
Group (IV): consists of 20 patients aged between (50-60 years).
Patients who are allergic to articaine local anesthetic, patients suffering from Neurological disorders and pregnant women at the time of the study are excluded from this study.
Patients under went careful medical and dental history taking.All patients had measurements of blood pressure and heart rate before the injection of articaine.
The eighty patients received two sites of injections, buccal and lingual infiltration around permanent first or second molars with 4% articaine 1:100,000 epinephrine,1.5 ml of articaine buccally and 0.2 ml lingually.
The onset of articaine action is measured by probing of the buccal and lingual mucosa after five minutes of the administration of articaine.
Extractions of lower molars were done using conventional lower molar forceps, and the pain of extraction was measured using visual analogue scale of pain. Finally the blood pressure and heart rate were measured after 30 minutes from the injection of articaine.