الفهرس 
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Abstract
The sea algae were used as a food for along time because it contains
a high quantity of protein, ash and fibers in addition to carbohydrates and
minerals. And there was found that there is a relation between the chronic
diseases causing in the adult people like blood pressure, increase of fats in
blood and so on, and the intake decrease of the sea foods like fish,
crustaceans and sea algae. In addition, these foods contribute to the
protection and cure of a lot of diseases.
The present work was conducted to study the following:
1- Chemical composition and nutritional value of brown algae (Sargassum
latifolium).
2- Minerals content of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium).
3- Assess of the biological evaluation of brown algae (Sargassum
latifolium) by using albino rats.
4- Appreciation of the antibacterial potency of different organic extraction
solvents of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium) on bacteria and fungal.
5- Finally to study the properties of chocolate cupcake supplemented with
different ratio of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium).
This study was divided into five sections:
Firstly: The chemical study
A sample of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium) was taken to estimate the
proportion of humidity, protein, fats, ash and fibers and to calculate the
proportion of carbohydrates. Another sample was taken to estimate the
proportion of some minerals and heavy metals.
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Secondly: The biological study
1- The samples of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium) were bought from
The National Center for Research, Dokki, Cairo and were crushed.
Quantities of these crushed samples were taken without any external
addition to be added to the experimented rats, foods.
2- Thirty six Albino white male rats were used and their weight range from
80 to 120 G.
3- These rats were divided into six groups, six rats of each as follows:
* Group A: It is the sound negative control group which fed on the basic
diet only and water along the experiment and consists of 6 rats.
* Group D: It is the group that is infected with blood cholesterol increase
and consists of 30 rats. This group, from the begining of the experiment,
fed on a high cholesterol for two weeks (The basic diet + 1% cholesterol +
10% animal fats) to raise the level of blood cholesterol.
The rats were divided into 5group, 6 rats of each after assuring that they are
infected:
Group D1: It is a positive control group that is infected with blood
cholesterol increase and fed on the basic diet a long the experiment.
Group D2: It is a group infected with blood cholesterol increase and fed on
the basic diet added to it 1% of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium)
powder.
Group D3: A group infected with blood cholesterol increase and fed on the
basic diet added to 2.5% of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium) powder.
Group D4: It is a group infected with blood cholesterol increase and fed
on the basic diet added to it 5% of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium)
powder.
Group D5: A group infected with blood cholesterol increase and fed on the
basic diet added to 10% of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium) powder.
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*After 28 days the rats were fasted for twelve hours and were weighted.
Then they were slaughtered. The blood samples were collected to separate
the blood serum. The blood serum for each rat was kept in numbered,
sterilized and confirmly closed tubes to carry out the following biochemical
analyses:
Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL, AST, ALT, ALP,
Creatinine and Urea.
* The organs for each rat (Heart- Liver- Kidney- Spleen) were removed
weighted. Then they were kept in 10% Formalin solution to carry out the
histopathological examination for each one.
* The data were collected then statistically analyzed by the statistic
program (ANOVA) and the results were presented in the form of the
arithmetic mean+ the standard deviation of the average at 0.05% level of
significance.
The results obtained showed the following:
Regarding to the comparison between the negative control group and the
positive control group show the following:
Regarding to level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL the
negative control group recorded a significant decrease in comparison of the
positive control group that have arise in blood fats where as the negative
control group were had the highest value in the level of the HDL in
comparison of the positive control group infected with blood fats increase.
For treated groups the results were as follows:
* All of the treated groups recorded a significant decrease in the total fat
and cholesterol compared with the positive control group and the most
decreased the treated group 10% , then treated group 5% , then treated
group 2.5% and followed by treated group 1% of the brown algae
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(Sargassum latifolium) the same results were observed with analyzes of
triglycerides, LDL, VLDL.
* All treated groups recorded also a significant increase in HDL an
compared to the positive control group and the most significant senior was
the treated group increase with brown alga (Sargassum latifolium) 10%,
then the treated group 5%, then the treated group 2.5% and then treated
group with 1%.
For the functions of the liver:
The negative control group recorded decreased less values for the liver
enzymes AST, ALT, ALP. As for the treated groups the result was as
follows:
All groups recorded a significant decrease in the level of AST, ALT, ALP,
an compared to the positive control group at the level of significance of
0.05% and the treated group 10% recorded the highest significant decrease
while the treated group 1% of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium) less
significant decrease.
For kidney functions:
The negative control group recorded less decreased values for urea and
creatinine. As for treated groups result was as follows:
All groups recorded a significant decrease in the level of creatinine and
urea level an compared to the positive control group at the significant level
of 0.05% and 10% treated group recorded the highest a significant decrease
while the treated group 1% of brown algae (Sargassum latifolium) less
significant decrease.
Thirdly: Histopathological study
For groups infected with blood cholesterol rise:
For liver and kidney transaction processing brown algae (Sargassum
latifolium) 1% and 2.5% did not show any histopathological changes in the
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liver or kidney treated while 5% processing showed some slight changes
for the better, but the 10% transaction was more than improve and closer to
the normal level.
For the treated heart and spleen transaction 1% did not show any
histopathological changes, while 2.5% and 5% and 10% were more
improved and closer to the normal level.
Fourthly: The microbiological study
The pathogenic microbes Psedumonas aeruginosa NRRL, Staphylococcus
aureus NRRL, Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-94 and the pathogenic fungi
Aspergillus niger NRRL313 and Candida albicans had been tested and the
inhibitory effect of microbial growth of extracts of brown algae
(Sargassum latifolium) was examined the results were as follows:
The best extracts were the aqueous extract followed by ethyl alcohol
extract followed by ethyl acetate and then chloroform and finally hexane
extract for bacterial pathogens but did not give any result with pathogenic
fungi under study.
Fifthly: The technological study
Chocolate Cake was strengthened with concentrations 5% and 10% of the
aqueous extract of the brown alga (Sargassum latifolium) and the results
were as follows:
Strengthen of chocolate cake with a concentration of 10% aqueous extract
of the brown alga (Sargassum latifolium) recorded the best results in terms
of overall shape, color outer surface, the outer surface, the inner core color,
fineness inner core, the installation of the internal structure, flexibility,
flavor, and overall quality about 5% strengthening of the aqueous extract of
the brown alga (Sargassum latifolium)