الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract The use of ultrasound for pediatric regional anesthesia and pediatric intensive care is relatively new, however interest in this application is grawing rapidly. Published reports of ultrasound guided techniques in pediatric anesthesia have largely focused on the safety and efficacy in pediatric patients. Regional anesthesia is an important part of pediatric anesthesia and plays a key role in peri-operative multimodal analgesic regimens. In recent years, the popularity of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks has significantly increased out of the recognition of its higher efficacy and safety. The study of the physical principles of the ultrasound makes the usage of the ultrasound unit much easier and also helps the user to choose the proper probe and frequency for the purpose needed. The nature of ultrasound waves being reflected, refracted and scattered is the corner stone for the principle of action of ultrasound which makes it possible to visualize different tissues with various depth from the probe. It is imperative to have a good knowledge of the anatomical and physiological differences between an adult and pediatric patients for conduct of safe anesthesia. The differences in anatomical and physiological characteristics make anesthetic management different and extremely challenging for the anesthesiologist. The use of ultrasound guidance has provided an opportunity to perform many peripheral nerve blocks that would have been difficult to perform in children based on pure landmark techniques. Different techniques were proposed for peripheral nerve blocks and central neuraxial blocks which Summary 131 describe mainly the blocks for upper limb, lower limb, abdominal wall, epidural and caudal blocks which provide intra and post operative anesthesia and analgesia in pediatrics which are becoming more easy and effective using the ultrasound units. In neonates, infants and young children central venous catheters and arterial cannulation are of vital importance during surgery as well as postoperative care. However, percutaneous catheter insertion in infants is a challenge even for experienced anesthesiologists. Ultrasound - guidance technique is becoming the gold standard for vascular access because it can both increase the success rate and decrease the complications. |