الفهرس 
Surgical anatomy of nasal ethmoid complexOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Throughout the history of medicine, numerous attempts have been
made to illuminate and examine the inside of the various hollow cavities
located within the body among which are the interior of the nose and
paranasal sinuses, therefore, it is not surprising that after some initial
attempts and disappointment, sinoscopy developed very slowly.
It was found that nasal endoscopic examination has only recently
become an important component of our diagnostic and therapeutic
armamentarium (Stammberger, 1991).
The first simple device was described by Philb Bozzini, (1806) and
was termed as ”light conductor’’, after that there were a wide variety of
devices, two of which are impressing:
In the first one the endoscope and the mirror were combined but the
light source was separate, and in the second one the mirror and the light
source were entirely separate and this one was used to examine the nose
and the nasopharynx. (Stammberger, 1991).
Also, in 1868, Wertheim made a conchoscope to examine the anterior
and middle thirds of the nasal cavity. This was a small tube, closed at one end and fitted with a mirror at a 45 degree angle with aperature over the
mirror. The conchoscope also had a channel for introduction of a sound or
other instrument.
In 1903, Reichert was able to introduce a modified cystoscope directly
into the maxillary sinus through an enlarged dental alveolus. After that in
1910, Hays described an endoscope for ”salpingoscopy” which made it
possible to see the nasopharynx and allowed posterior rhinoscopy through
the oropharynx.
Endoscopy of the upper airways has enjoyed a world wide popularity
since the early 1970s. Although initially the maxillary sinus was the focus of
diagnostic interest, the endoscopy was extended to the other paranasal
sinuses. The Hopkins rod rigid nasal endoscopes made it possible to
examine in detail the clefts and the recesses of the nose.
Our endoscopic armamentarium has been augmented during the last
decade with the nasopharyngeal scope (Stuchard, 1975) and by Flexible
fiberoptic scope (Yamashita, 1983). The fiberoptic endoscope has the following significant characteristics:
• Better resolution and constrast
• Wide viewing angle.
• A much larger portion of the object can be seen in a single field so,
the time required for examinations and manipulations is therefore decreased
and procedures are faster.
As, regards light transimission, it is fiberoptic light transimission which
allows bright image and natural color transmission (Godbersen, 1990).