الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) can be defined as a gross structural abnormality of the heart or intrathoracic great vessels that is actually or potentially of functional significance presenting at birth, even if it is discovered much later.
There are eight common lesions which account for 85% of all cases of CHD. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common CHD accounting for about 30 percent of all cases of CHD.(l6)The others, in descending order of prevalence, are atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary stenosis (PS), coarctation of the aorta (COA), aortic stenosis (AS), tetralogy of fallot (TOF) and transposition of the great arteries (TGA). The remaining 15 percent is made up by a variety of more rare and complex lesions.
Echocardiography is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in cardiology. It can provide information about the size and shape of the heart, internal chamber size quantification, pumping capacity and the location and extent of any tissue damage. An Echocardiogram can also give physicians other estimates of heart functions such as calculation of the cardiac output, ejection fraction and diastolic function.
Cardiac catheterization is an invasive imaging procedure that allows cardiologists to evaluate heart functions.
Diagnostic uses such as in pulmonary hypertension and coronary disorders and therapeutic uses such as balloon angioplasty, PDA stents, coil closure, device closing and atrial septostomy.
Local complications at the catheter introduction site are among the most common problems seen after cardiac catheterization procedures, and probably the single greatest source of procedure-related morbidity.