الفهرس 
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Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections are generally the main hazard to
the poultry rearing industry in Egypt leading to severe economical losses.
The present study was aimed to standardize a multiplex PCR (mPCR)
assay that simultaneously detects and differentiates the four major avian
respiratory viruses (AIV, NDV, IBV and ILTV) in one single reaction, as
well as the AIV subtypes (H5 and H9) and IBV serotypes (Mass and
4/91).Theses mPCR assays were applied on 100 field samples to apply a
molecular survey of avian respiratory viruses in commercial broiler and
layer flocks suffering from respiratory manifestations with relatively high
mortality rate in different localities of Kafrelsheikh governorate .The
obtained results revealed that these mPCR were successfully able to
detect and differentiate single and mixed infections with two or more
viruses in a single reaction. Further, the results indicate the high
occurrence of mixed infections among these viruses which makes it
difficult to differentially diagnose the disease by clinical manifestations.