الفهرس 
AcknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Determination of working length radiographically although proved accurate but it is still confronted with a number of limitations that hinders such method. Advances in technology have led to the development of electronic apex locators such as Root ZX (third generation) that uses the “ratio method” this apex locator when used with its motor it is called Dentaport ZX