الفهرس 
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Abstract
Eighty seven out of 300 (29%) samples were found to be positive for S. aureus. Rate of recovery of S. aureus from different chicken products was 37.5%, 25% and 20% from thighs, breasts and livers respectively. 5 out of 10 isolates of S. aureus were positive for enterotoxins type B by PCR Moreover, isolates of S. aureus tested for antimicrobial susceptibility were found to be resistant to Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Cephalothin, Chloramphenicol and Oxytetracycline , but, they were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin Followed by Amoxicillin/Clauvlanic acid, Nalidixic acid and Sulphamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim.
Out of the 300 samples of chicken meat (thighs and breasts) and chicken products (livers), 20 (6.6%) were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Among the different products, chicken thighs showed the highest contamination with prevalence (8.3%) followed by chicken breasts (5.8%), while, chicken livers showed the lowest contamination (5%). Of the 20 Campylobacter isolates, 12(4%) were identified as C. coli and 8 (2.6%) isolates were identified as C. jejuni.
Eight out of 20 tested isolates of C. jejuni-C.coli complex (15 biotype I and 5 biotype II) recovered from chicken meat and liver were identified as C. jejuni through detection of hip O gene where they showed different threshold cycles for hip O gene 6 out of 15 biotype I isolate and 2 out of 5 biotype II isolates showed different threshold cycles for the gene. There is no relation between biotyping and presence of gene. Real-Time PCR are more sensitive and not consume time as the conventional isolation. C. jejuni- C.coli complex is an important cause of acute diarrhea or gastroenteritis in human especially in children, so, virulence of C. jejuni-C.coli complex through detection of pathogenic effect of live bacterial cells and their cytotoxin on Vero cells were studied. 15 of 20 isolates showed pathogenic effect on Vero cells. Accordingly, there is no relation between Pathogenicity of C. jejuni-C.coli complex and presence of gene. Moreover, presence of hip O gene means that the isolate is C. jejuni meanwhile; its absence means that the isolate is C. coli. The present work was designed to test the presence of hip O gene among C. jejuni-C.coli complex isolates and to detect their Pathogenicity on Vero cell. Antibiotic resistance tests performed by disk diffusion assay indicated that most Campylobacter isolates were resistant to Penicillin G, Chloramphenicol, Sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim, Gentamicin, Cephalothin, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin/ Clauvlanic acid, Oxytetracycline, Streptomycin and Ampicillin. But, they were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin followed by Nalidixic acid.