الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was developed in the 19808. Its main use at
that time was in the staging of gastrointestinal tumors. Initially used as a
diagnostic tool, since the early 1990s it has been increasingly utilized in
intervention and therapy. Its uses have broadened such that it now has
indications for extraintestinal pathology. Use of EUS will continue to grow
as new technology, such as the thin miniprobe, dual-plane reconstruction
(DPR), intraductal probes, and the new electronic radial echoendoscope,
become available. Over the next few years, EUS is foreseen as becoming
one of the most powerful gastroenterological, radiological, and therapeutic
instruments, catalyzing significant changes in patient management.
Endoscopic ultrasound is performed using either an ultrasound probe, which
is passed through the channel of a standard endoscope, or with an
echoendoscope with an ultrasound transducer built into its tip. Because of its
closer, internal vantage point, EUS can deliver enhanced imaging resolution
compared to conventional ultrasound, which is conducted transcutaneously.
In addition, an echoendoscope can maneuver in unique imaging planes and
remove intraluminal air, which often obscures imaging during conventional
ultrasound. There are two main EUS imaging modalities, including
curvilinear and radial. Curvilinear array (CLA) instruments create ultrasound
images parallel to the axis of the insertion tube. This orientation facilitates
real-time ultrasonographic guidance of interventions such as fme needle
. aspiration (FNA), allowing the physician to view simultaneously the needle
and the target area of interest on the video monitor. Real-time viewing
allows the