الفهرس 
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Abstract
Gamma rays have a wide spread range of applications in different
fields of science. As an example: the study of nuclear structure, the
identification of radio-isotopes and their intensities, estimating the
absorbed doses and the determination of interaction cross-sections where
gamma rays are either incident or out going from the reaction. Therefore,
gamma ray spectroscopy is very important factor and has to be
determined with high accuracy.
This work is concerned with the high accurate measurement and
analysis of a gamma spectrum for different detector’s shapes and types,
and different geometrical sources by using the direct calculation method.
This is done in five parts.
The first, is devoted to the measurements technique, where,
methods of detection and recording systems are discussed. Interactions of
the gamma rays in the detector and the resulting deposited energy within
was given. Then, the detector’s factors, that concern the measurements
analysis - detector efficiencies -, are mentioned and the methods, that, are
used to determined them with the advantages and disadvantages for each
method are displayed.
In the second part of this thesis, the detector’s factors -that are called
the detector’s efficiencies- are defined and the coefficient ,that is used in
the direct calculation method to determine each efficiency type, is
derived. At the beginning, the geometrical efficiency Gg is defined and the
expression, that is used to determine’ it, is derived. Then, the total
efficiency Gt is defined and its corresponding coefficient Jlt is determined.
The intrinsic efficiency, Git can be calculated from Gt / Gg. The full energy.