الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out at the farm of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, during the period from 13 May to 27 June 2009. It was designed to investigate the effect of adding 0.5 % Turmeric powder rhizome (Curcuma longa) as feed supplementation to the Ross broiler chicks diet contaminated or non-contaminated with (100 µg AFs/kg diet), to study the effect of nutritional periods or contaminated or non-contaminated broiler diets on protective, therapeutic and antagonistic effects.
The chemical analyses were carried out at laboratories of the Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University and Mycotoxins Central Lab., & Food safety, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
A total number of 320 unsexed one day old ”Ross” broiler chicks nearly similar in initial body weight were reared in battery cages (1X 0.4 X0.6 meter) as length, width and height in an open house. Chicks were divided randomly into 8 equal treatment groups of 40 chicks (4 replicates with 10 chicks each). The sequence of the 8 dietary treatments was as follows:
T1: Basal diet without Curcuma longa or Aflatoxins (control) from 0-6 weeks of age.
T2: Basal diet plus 0.5 % Curcuma longa from 0-3weeks of age
T3: Basal diet plus 0.5 % Curcuma longa from 4-6 weeks of age.
T4: Basal diet plus 0.5 % Curcuma longa from 0-6 weeks of age.
T5: Basal diet contaminated with 100µg AFs/ Kg diet from 0-6 weeks of age.
T6: Basal diet contaminated with 100µg AFs/ Kg diet from 0-3 weeks of age and basal diet plus 0.5 % Curcuma longa from 4-6 weeks of age.
T7: Basal diet contaminated with 100µg AFs/ Kg diet from 4-6 weeks of age and basal diet plus 0.5 % Curcuma longa from 0-3 weeks of age.
T8: Basal diet contaminated with 100µg AFs/ Kg diet and 0.5 % Curcuma longa from 0-6 weeks of age.
The experimental treatments started from 1-day old until 6 weeks of age, all diets and water were supplied ad libitum.
Live body weight and feed intake was recorded weekly during the experiment. Feed conversion (gm feed /gm gain) for each replicate within each week was calculated. There were no dead chicks allows to calculating the proportion of death.
After 5 weeks from beginning of the experiment, 4 chicks from each treatment were injected intravenously in brachial vein with 0.2 ml of 10 % suspension of sheep red blood cells to determine the activity of antibody.
Digestion trial was done after treatment period to estimate how far Curcuma longa could affect the digestibility of nutrients such as dry matter organic matter (CP, EE, CF and NFE).
Four birds within each treatment were randomly selected and sacrificed, after three and six weeks from beginning of the treatments. The internal organs (liver, heart, gizzard, proventriculus, spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius) were collected, weighted. Relative weights were calculated during the experiment.
Blood samples were collected in two tubes the first one was not heparinized tube and the second was contained heparin as an anticoagglutination substance. The first one was taken for separating sera for the biological serum constituents: Liver enzymes (GOT, GPT, GST and LDH), Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Glucose, Lipid profiles such as, Total Lipid, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Kidney function such as, Cereatenine, Urea and Uric acid) and immunological studies (Innate Immune Response and Humeral Immune Response). The second tube was taken for blood physical characteristics (RBC’s, PCV, Hb, WBC’s, white blood cells deferential count).
Obtained results declare that supplementing of 0.5 % Curcuma longa to broiler diet either with or without AFs contamination caused:
1- Curcuma longa either from 0-3, 4-6 or from 0-6, with or without AFs contamination improved live body weight and body gain compared with contaminated groups.
2- Concerning to feed intake at 3 weeks of age, there are no significant differences among control groups (T1 and T3) as well as Cur., supplemented groups T2, T4 and T7 as well as contaminated groups T5 and T6. However, birds received T8 had the lowest value of feed intake compare with birds fed T5 and T6. Moreover, at 6 weeks of age there were no significant differences among T1, T3 and T4. Birds fed diet inclusion with AFs (T5) had the lowest feed intake compare with other groups. While birds received T7 had the highest value of feed intake compare with other groups.
3- Concerning to feed conversion from 0-6 weeks of age, there were no significant differences between T3 and T4. However, birds fed diet inclusion with AFs (T5) had the worst feed conversion compare with other groups. While, curcuma addition (T6, T7 and T8) enhance feed conversion by reducing it by 13.38, 15.98 and 20.81 % respectively, compare whit those fed T5.
4- Mortality rate, Obtained data showed that there was only one chick died at week 5 in control group (T1). Furthermore, there were no died chicks in all supplemented and non-contaminated groups (T2, T3 and T4). However, T5 recorded the highest number of died chicks which were 3 birds as total. While T6 had lowered mortality rate (5 %) so adding curcuma at the second periods or after AFs contamination partially enhance mortality rate compare with those feed Curcuma at the first period before AFs contamination (T7) which was as control only one chick was died. The same result was recorded by T8.
5- Results of nutrients digestibility of organic matter (OM) % indicated that feed additives improved significantly the digestibility coefficient of organic matter (OM), when compared with the AFs group. whereas adding 0.5 % Curcuma longa to broiler diet from 0-6 weeks (T4) and from 3-6 weeks (T7) had significantly the highest percentage in EE% digestibility.
6- Absolute and relative weight of Liver, Heart, Gizzard and Proventriculus were in generally significantly (P<0.01) decreased by adding 0.5 % Curcuma longa at all treatments compare with those fed AFs alone. The same results were observed in lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius).
7- At 3 and 6 weeks of age the supplementation of 0.5 % Curcuma longa on RBC’s total count, P.C.V. and Hb %, generally has the highest values of RBC’s total count, P.C.V. and Hb % compare with contaminated groups.
8- At 3 and 6 weeks of age, the control groups (T1 and T3) had the highest values of total protein and globulin compare with all groups. The supplemented groups had significantly the highest values of total protein and globulin than the contaminated groups. However, there were significant increase (P<0.01) in Albumin and Glucose with AFs contamination compare with other groups.
9- At 3 and 6 weeks of age, the contaminated groups (T5 and T6 or T5 alone) had the highest values of liver enzymes (GPT, GOT, GST and LDH) compare with all groups. The same results were observed for Kidney function (Cereatenine, Urea and Uric acid)
10- At 3 and 6 weeks of age, the contaminated groups (T5 and T6 or T5 alone) had the lowest values of Lipid profiles (Total Lipids, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol) compare with all groups. There were partly enhancements within Lipid profile by the supplementation of 0.5 % Curcuma after or before or with AFs contamination.
11- At 3 and 6 weeks of age, chicks fed contaminated diet (T5) had significantly decrease (P< 0.01) on total count of WBC’s, Heterophils compared with all groups. While, there was no significant difference among (T2, T4, T7 and T8) at 3 weeks of age. Furthermore, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Esinophils and Basophil have the oboist direction of that trend.
12- At 3 and 6 weeks of age, the contaminated groups (T5 and T6 or T5 alone) had the lowest values of Cell mediated reactions (Chemokinesis, Chemotaxis and Phagocytic activity %) compare with all groups. There were partly enhancements within Cell mediated reactions by the supplementation of 0.5 % Curcuma after or before or with AFs contamination. The same trend was observed for Humeral Immune Response (Total Immunoglobulin, Hemagglutintion and Precipitation test).
13. Histopathological changes of Liver, Kidney, Spleen, Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius for all groups were done at 3 and 6 weeks of age, were Liver, Kidney, Spleen, Thymus and Bursa sections for non-contaminated groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) showed nearly from their normal structures. While, contaminated groups (T5 and T6 at 3 week of age and T5 at 6 week of age) showed histopathological alterations such as sever congested blood in the blood vessels, fibroblasts, vacuolation in cytoplasm, dilated in urinary tubules, losing in lymphocytes, pyknotic nuclei and hemorrhages. However, treatment with 0.5 % Curcuma longa either before (T7), after (T6) or within (T8) AFs contamination alleviate these alteration.
14- The data indicated that, birds received 0.5 % Curcuma Longa either both after (T6), before (T7) or with AFs contamination enhanced the economic efficiency form 91.98 for AFs group (T5) to be 119.39, 123.46 and 134.04 respectively. In general birds received contaminated diets except birds in T8 which fed on contaminated diet supplemented with 0.5 % Curcuma longa during the entire period, had the lowest economic efficiency compared with non-contaminated groups.
Conclusion:
from the above results it could be concluded that, using 0.5 % Curcuma longa either at the first 3 weeks of age or at the second 3 weeks of age or at entire period enhance productive, physiological and immunological performance of broiler chicks. It was shown that the treatment with 0.5 % Curcuma longa at the first 3 weeks of age had the highest economic efficiency compare with other groups (T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8). Moreover, the addition of 0.5 % Curcuma longa as therapeutic (T6), protective (T7) and antagonistic (T8) against 100 µg AFs/ Kg diet enhanced the economic efficiency. So, using of 0.5 % Curcuma longa could be used as therapeutic, protective and antagonistic against low levels of AFs contamination.
Knowledge gained in this study found direct application of Curcuma in the management of poultry health, promising to yield better immune response so better disease resistance and health would be possible. Under the conditions of this study, it was concluded that turmeric rhizome powder (Curcuma) might have some positive effects on immunity response and may be used directly in the diet as immune system fortification in broiler chickens.