الفهرس 
الغلافOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nose is one of the most visible organs on the front of our faces.
Anatomically, nose is a vertebrate respiratory organ that covers two nostrils in humans. Nostrils are those two holes visible in the front of the nose, responsible for reception and expulsion of air for respiration purposes. The nose is identifYing which perfume smell better than the others. Although it is not a tasting organ, to a certain extent a nose do contribute to our sense of taste.
Smell is one of the chemical senses and with these sense we sample our environment for information. We are continuously testing the quality of the air we breathe, such as foods, flower and the potential dangers smoke from fires. Smell affects many aspects of life such as attraction, memories, and emotions. Our sense of smell also adds richness to our lives that we aren’t always conscious of, but as soon as it’s taken away it dramatically changes our quality of life.
The first thing that drew the attention of the researcher to study this subject and was the urge to think about it, is the lack of the detailed writing, books and articles, which focus on the nose and inhale, as well as the smelled objects, their origin, usage and religious significance. Moreover, the scenes of smelling on the different monuments were never collected in one study.
However, it is worthy here to mention that, some Egyptologists studied the nose and its functions, but in the medical and legal point of view. These writings are:
• Maspero (G.), Memoire sur quelques papyrus du Louvre, Paris, 1875.
• Robinson (V.), The Story of Medicine, New York, 1913.
• Breasted (lH.), ”The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus”, OIP 3, Chicago,1930.
• Bryan (C.P.), The Papyrus Ebers. Ancient Egyptian Medicine, Chicago, 1930.
• Ebbell (B.), The Papyrus Ebers, Copenhagen, 1937.
• Iskander (Z.), Mummification in Ancient Egypt. An X-ray Atlas of Royal Mummies, Edited by Harris (lE.), and Edward (F.), Chicago, 1980.
• Weeks (R.K.), ”Studies of Papyrus Ebers”, BIE 58-59, 1981.
• Andrews (C.), Egyptian Mummies, London, Trustees of the Egyptian Museum, 1990.
• Allam (S.), ”Egyptian law courts in Pharaonic and Hellenistic times”, JEA 77, 1991.
• De Buck (A.), ”The judicial papyrus of Turin”, JEA 23, 1937.
• Wilson (l), ”The Oath in Ancient Egypt”, JNES 7, 1948.
The previous writings are not dealing with all kinds of the smelled objects. Moreover, they are not discussing many issues related to the nose and inhale as, the kinds of the smelled objects, usage and religious
significance, etc .
For the problems that faced this study, they are represented in the lack of information about some moveable monuments, which are depicted with scenes of nose and the sniffed objects, including stelae, funeral-cloth and papyri. However, this problem was partly solved through the correspondence with the museums.
On the other hand, it was difficult to take photos for such scenes on the walls of some tombs and temples, where photography is totally prohibited. As a result, such photos were obtained from the Archaeological Registration Center in the High Council of Antiquities.
Chapter I: It is entitled as ”The Sniffed Materials, Kinds, Usage and Religious Significance”. It is an introductory chapter dealing with the various kinds of smelled objects and their development throughout the Dynastic Periods concerning their kinds of materials and usage depending on examples of some published and unpublished scenes which were represented on various monuments.
Moreover, this chapter studies and analyzes the religious significance of each kind of the smelled objects as well as its origin and association with Egyptian gods and religious beliefs. This chapter is divided into three parts, which are, Nose in Ancient Egyptian Language, the smelled objects and the objects used to represent the smelling scenes.
Each part includes some issues dealing with the different usage and religious significance of each kind of the smelled objects.
Chapter II: It is entitled as ”The Role of Nose in the Ancient Egyptian Life”. It concentrates on the main subjects related to the nose and inhale in Ancient Egyptian Life. It is divided into four parts, which are: nose in the mummification, nose in medical papyri, nose in the Funerary Texts and nose in the legal system. It discusses and analyzes various subjects regarding role of nose and inhale in Ancient Egyptian life.
Chapter III: It is entitled as ”The Sniffing Scenes”. This chapter displays the published scenes of nose and inhale on different monuments arranged in chronological order. It discusses and analyzes each scene in a documentary form including the bibliography of the scene. Moreover, it provides an illustration for each scene after its description. For the documents describing the smelling scenes on walls of temples and tombs, they are provided with a plan for each temple or tomb on which the location of the scene is determined after the numbering system of the Topographical Bibliography (Porter and Moss)’. This chapter aims to collect and analyze each scene. Moreover, a translation for each hieroglyphic text related to the nose and inhale, which accompany such scene.
All the scenes are arranged in chronological order, which matches with the subject of the study, resulting in knowing the development of the nose and inhale and their scenes throughout the Egyptian history, till the end of the New Kingdom.