الفهرس 
Introduction
Effect of split nitrogen fertilizerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study was carried out in two field experiments at El-Dakhla Oasis in the New Valley Governorate, Egypt, in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons on a sandy clay loam soil to evaluate the split application effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components and grain protein of three different bread wheat cultivars (Giza-168, Sakha-93, Sids-1). Ten treatments of split N applications were examined. Each treatments was 100 kg N/fed. Applied in 2, 3 or 4 equal splits at 3 weeks from sowing, stem elongation, heading and milk– ripening stages. The experimental design was split-plot design with four replications in two growing seasons.
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
1- Number of spikes/m2:
Number of spike/m2 was significantly affected by wheat cultivars, split nitrogen application and interaction in the two seasons, the high value of No. of spikes/m2 was obtained with Sakha-93 in two seasons, respectively. The highest values of No. of spikes/m2 were obtained at N9 in the first season, but the highest values resulted from N9, N2 and N7, respectively in the second season. Interaction Sakha-93 x N3 and Sakha-93 x N9, respectively, gave the highest values for No. of spikes/m2 in the first season. Sakha-93 x N3 interaction gave the maximum number of spikes/m2 in the second season.
2- Plant height:
Plant height was significantly affected by wheat cultivars, split nitrogen application and interaction in the two seasons, the tallest plants were obtained with Sids-1 cultivar in two seasons, respectively. Split nitrogen applications (N6, N8, N10 and N7) treatments gave the tallest plants well, there were not significant between these treatments in the first season. In the second season the tallest plants were obtained at (N1, N2, N8 and N10 treatments), respectively and there were not significant between these treatments. Interactions (Sids-1 x N3, N8 and N6, respectively) gave the tallest plants in the first season. In the second season the tallest plants resulted from (Sids-1 x N8, N6 and N2), respectively.
3-Number of spikes/plant:
Wheat cultivars, split nitrogen applications and interaction were significantly affected in both seasons on number of spikes/plant. The highest values were obtained with Sids-1 and Sakha- 93 in first season, respectively. Will, there were non-significant between this two cultivars. In the second season Sakha- 93 and Giza- 168 gave the highest number of spikes/plant, respectively. Split nitrogen applications gave the highest values at N6 and N9 in first season, respectively. whereas the second season (N10, N9, N6 and N1 treatments), respectively. Gave the highest values of number of spikes/plant. The interaction between Sids-1 x N6 and Sakha-93 x N9 gave the highest values of number of spikes/plant, respectively in first season. In the second season Giza-168 x N10 and Sakha-93 x N1 gave the highest values of number of spikes/plant.
4- Spike length:
Wheat cultivars, split nitrogen application and interaction were significantly affected on spike length in two seasons. Giza-168 and Sids-1 gave the highest spike length, respectively, in the first season will, there were un-significant different between this two cultivars. In the second season Sids-1 gave the highest spike length. Split nitrogen application (N6, N8, N7 and N10), respectively, gave the highest values spike length in first season. There were insignificant between this treatment. In the second season N7, N2 and N1 split N applications, respectively, gave the highest values spike length, will between this treatments were not significant . The interaction Sids-1 x N6, Giza-168 x N6 and Sids-1 x N7, respectively, gave the highest values of spike length in the first season. Sids-1 x N2, N6 x N9 and Sakha-93 x N7, respectively, gave the highest values of spike length in the second season.
5- Number of grains/spike:
Number of grains/spike was significantly affected by wheat cultivar, split N applications and interaction in both seasons. Giza-168 cultivars gave the highest No. of grains/spike in both seasons, respectively. Split nitrogen applications N6 and N10 in first season, N6 and N2 in the second season, respectively, gave highest values of number of grains/ spike. Giza-168 x N7 interaction in first season gave highest No. of groins/spike, but in the second season Giza-168 x N6 and Sakha-93 x N7, gave the highest value of this character in the second season.
6-Weight of grains/spike:
Weight of grains/spike was non-significant affected by cultivars in both seasons. Split nitrogen application and interaction were significantly affected on weight of grains/spike. Split nitrogen applications N9 in first season and at N6 and N4 in second season, respectively, gave the highest values of weight of grains / spike. In the interaction Sids-1 x N6 and Giza-168 x N6 interaction gave the highest value of this traits in both seasons, respectively.
7- Grain yield/plant:
Wheat cultivars was significantly affected on grain yield/plant in the two seasons, Sids-1 gave the highest grain yield/plant in two seasons, respectively. Sids-1 gave the highest value. Split nitrogen applications and interaction were significantly affected on grain yield/plant in the two seasons. The highest values were obtained at N9 in the first season, as well as at N6 and N9 in the second season, respectively. In the interactions N9 x Sids-1 gave highest value in the first season, in the second the highest values were obtained at (Giza-168 x N6, Sakha-93 x N2, Sakha-93 x N9 and Sids-1 x N6), respectively.
8- Straw yield/plant:
Straw yield/plant was significantly affected by cultivars, split nitrogen application and interaction in both seasons. Sids-1 and Sakha-93 varieties gave highest straw yield/plant in first season, but Sakha-93 and Sids-1 in the second season, respectively. Split nitrogen applications N2 in the first season and at N6 in the second season, respectively, gave the highest values of straw yield/plant. In the interaction (Giza-168 x N2 and Sids-1 x N3 and Sids-1 x N6) in first season, (Giza-168 x N6, Sakha-93 x N9, Sakha-93 x N6 and Sids-1 x N7) in second season gave the highest values of straw yield/plant, respectively .
9- 1000-grain weight:
Wheat cultivars, split nitrogen applications and interaction were significantly affected on 1000-grain weight in both seasons. Sakha-93 gave the highest 1000-grain weight followed by Sids-1 in the first and second seasons, respectively. Split nitrogen applications gave the highest values of 1000-grain weight at (N2, N1, N7, N3 and N4, respectively) in the first season. N1, N9, N5, N3 and N8, respectively, in the second season. In the interaction Sakha-93 x N1, N2, N10, N6 and N2 gave the highest values 1000-grain weight, respectively in first season. In the second season Sids-1 x N8, Sakha-93 x N5, N6, Sids-1 x N3, N5, respectively, gave highest values.
10-Grain yield (ardab/fed.):
Wheat cultivars, split nitrogen applications and interaction were significantly affected on grain yield/fed., highest grain yield/fed. was obtained with Giza- 168 and Sids-1 in first season, as well as with Sids-1 and Giza-168, respectively in second season. There were not significant between these two cultivars. Split nitrogen applications gave the highest value grain yield/fed. at N6 and N4 in first season and at N6 in second season, respectively. Interaction between Sakha-93 with N6 and N4 in first season. Sakha-93 x N6 interaction gave the highest grain yield/fed. in second season.
11- Straw yield (ton/fed.):
Straw yield ton/fed. was significantly affected by wheat cultivars, split nitrogen applications and interaction in both seasons. Sids-1 gave the high value of straw yield/fed. in both seasons, respectively. N1 and N2 split nitrogen applications gave highest value of straw yield/fed. in the first season, respectively, as well as N1 in the second season. Sids-1 x N2, Giza-168 x N1 and Sids-1 x N10 interaction in the first season, respectively. Will, Giza-168 x N1 and Sids-1 x N1 interaction gave the highest straw yield /fed. in the second season, respectively.
12- Protein percentage in grains:
Wheat cultivars, split nitrogen applications and interaction were significantly affected on protein percentage in grains in both seasons. The highest value was obtained with Sids-1 in both seasons. In first season N2 and N1 treatments gave the highest values of protein percentage in grains. Split nitrogen applications N2, N1, N7, N3, N4 and N8 gave the highest values for protein percentage in grains in second season. Interaction Sids-1 x N2, N3 and N9 gave the highest value protein percentage in grains in first season. In the second season Sids-1 x N2, N3 and N9 gave the highest values of protein percentage in grains, as well as Giza- 168 x N1.
THE RECOMMENDATION
from the results presented in this thesis, it could be concluded that split nitrogen fertilizer with 100kg N/fed. on three growth stages (tillering-stem elongation-heading) gave the highest grain yield/fed. of Giza-168 and Sids-1 in first season. Sids-1 and Giza-168 in second season, respectively. So, it is highly recommended to apply such treatment (N6) in future under Upper Egypt Conditions especially at El-Dakhla Oasis, New Valley Governorate.