الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study included a detailed review of pathophysiolgy , free radical formation of renal ischemia reperfusion injury with a possibility of therapeutic strategies to avoid such injury.
Ischemia reperfusion injury is characterized by increased microvascular permeability and edema. It is the most important cause of ischemic renal disease and transplant rejection in clinical daily practice. Some of these problems can be reversed at early stages by surgical and/or pharmacological ways which prevent irreversible tissue damage and necrosis. During reperfusion of ischemic tissue, administration of necessary oxygen may contribute to further tissue damage i.e. reperfusion damage results from oxygen derived free radicals and other ROS which result from activation of endogenous antioxidant defenses.
Several studies used many approaches to limit the toxic effects of oxygen free radical in vivo. However, the potential effect of antioxidant administration on IR injury in vivo is still controversial.
The present work studied experimental renal ischemia reperfusion injury, the effect of Vitamin C and DFX as exogenous antioxidants in its prevention, and their effect on both serum and kidney tissue apelin 12 levels in rat.
This study was done on 40 adult male Albino rats. They were divided into 4 groups.
Group I:(Control)
Included ten rats that served as normal control. They had midline abdominal wall incision but without occlusion of renal arteries. Thirty rats were exposed to bilateral renal ischemia for 40 minutes followed by 60 minutes reperfusion.They were divided into the following groups:
Group II (I/R group)
Included ten rats exposed to (I/R) without pretreatment.
Group III (Vitamin C treated group)
Included ten rats that received a high dose of vitamin C (100mg/kg body weight intra peritoneally), 1hour before ischemia.
Group IV (Desferrioxamine treated group)
Included ten rats that received iron chelating agent ”high molecular weight desferrioxamine in dose of 100mg/kg body weight by intravenous injection 15 minutes before reperfusion of the kidneys.
Blood samples wer