الفهرس 
Cell BiologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Stem cell researches have revealed many therapeutic potiential in the field of urology. The use of stem cells to treat and reconstruct urological organs appears to be a very powerful and promising approach for the future.
Stem Cells have been used for developing an extracorporeal renal support system (Humes HD et al.;1999) and renal tissue reconstruction ( Lanza RP et al. ;2002).
Scientists developed a bioartificial kidney with renal progenitor cells from the embryonic cortex of neonatal rabbits. (Minuth WW et al; 2004). Recently, scientists have been investigating the use adult renal progenitor cells from primary renal cultures in the treatment of renal-failure-specific complications. (Aboushwareb Tand Atala A; 2008)
Scientists demonstrated that the progenitor cells isolated from the lower urinary tract can be expanded in vitro ( Cilento BG et al.; 1994) and can be used for seeding of artificial scaffolds, that can be used for bladder replacement (Atala A et al.; 2006). These cells can be also used for reconstruction of a tubularized urethral graft for total urethral replacement .( Orabi HO et al.; 2008)
Scientists have been investigating the potential of stem cell in treatment of male infertility. Embryonic stem cells have been used for the generation of gametes. ( Hübner K et al.; 2003).
Adult spermatogonial stem cell (Brinster RL and Zimmermann JW ;1994) and Adult bone marrow cells (Lue Y et al; 2007) microinjected into the seminiferous tubules of sterile mice leads to the recovery of spermatogenesis in the transplanted animals, with normal architecture of the testes.
Leydig cell progenitors have also been identified in adult testes, these cells can provide a novel treatment for androgen deficiency. (Aboushwareb Tand Atala A; 2008)
Stem cell researches have been directed towards the treatment of erectile dysfunction either through gene therapy (Strong TDet al; 2008) , repair of cavernous body injuries (Song YS et al; 2007) or restoring erectile dysfunction after cavernous nerve crush injury .( Bochinski D et al; 2004; Lin CS et al., 2008)
Researchers have attempted to use Stem cell-based therapies to regenerate the deficient muscle and connective tissue that results in Stress urinary incontinence . The aim of stem cell therapy is to replace, repair, or enhance the biological function of the damaged tissue or organs. (Furuta A et al; 2007)
Scientists have also investigated role neural stem cells transplanted into the injured spinal cord of the rat contribute to a recovery of lower urinary tract function. (Mitsui T et al.; 2003)
Conclusion
Stem cells have been used for regenerative medicine applications in many organs and systems, including the genitourinary system. (Aboushwareb Tand Atala A; 2008)
The potential applications for Embryonic stem cell therapy have been restricted by the ethical issues as obtaining these cells requires the destruction of human embryos, which many individuals view as an unacceptable termination of life. (Ruiz-Canela M, 2002)
Instead, scientists have explored other cell sources, including Progenitor cells, Stem cells derived from adult tissues and stem cells derived from the amniotic fluid and placenta. In addition, novel techniques for generating stem cells in the laboratory are being developed. (Aboushwareb Tand Atala A; 2008)
Techniques to regenerate bladder tissue have reached the clinic, and exciting progress is being made in other areas, such as regeneration of the kidney and urethra. Cell therapy as a treatment for incontinence and infertility might soon become a reality. Physicians should be optimistic that regenerative medicine and tissue engineering will one day provide mainstream treatment options for urologic disorders (Aboushwareb Tand Atala A; 2008).