الفهرس 
Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tinnitus is commonly described as a perception of sound that is not related to an external acoustic source or electrical stimulation. Tinnitus is not a disease. It is a symptom that, similar to pain, headache, or fever, can vary in severity and can affect patients’ mood of life to varying degrees.It is an extremely common condition, but only a fraction of those who experience tinnitus are significantly disturbed. Although many unanswered questions regarding tinnitus remain and there is a lack of objective measures and no clear agreement as to the most efficient way tohelp those suffering with tinnitus, significant progress has been made over the last 20 years in the tinnitus field. Still, most patients are left with proverbial advice: “Learn to live with it.” Most importantly, a strong doctor-patient relationship underpins successful management and high levels of satisfaction among patients.Tinnitus frequently represents a symptom of an associated disease process. Recent research has employed state-of-the-art imaging and measurement technology to examine tinnitus-related activity in the ear,auditory nerve, and auditory tracts of the brain. These studies have increasingly focused on exploring putative brain-related mechanisms. The complexity of the changes in the nervous system associated with tinnitus might explain why this condition has proved so resistant to treatment.