الفهرس 
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Abstract
Experiments on two garlic cultivars (Balady and Sids — 40) were conducted at Sids Horticulture Research Station of the Agriculture Research Center, Beni - Suef Governorate, Egypt. The experiments were carried during the two successive winter seasons of 2001/ 2002 and 2002/ 2003. Three experiments were conducted as follow :-
I-First experiment :- Effect of chemical N - rates NH4NO3 and / or biofertilizers ”Bio2en” or ”Nitrobien” on the two garlic cultivars.
The experiment consisted of treatments with four nitrogen rates (0, 90, 135, 180 kg N /fed.) as NH4NO3 and / or inoculation with biofertilizers i.e; Biogen or Nitrobien at the rate of one kg biofertilizer /100 kg wet cloves. The biofertilizers were mixed using Arabic gum solution (20%) just before planting. The obtained results showed that :-
A-Garlic cultivars:
1- Vegetative growth; cv. ”Sids-40” had significantly higher values of number of leaves and percentage dry weight / plant, whereas cv. ”Balady” showed taller plants.
2- Bulb characters; cv. ”Sids — 40”had higher values of bulb fresh weight, percentage of dry weight, bulb weight after curing, bulb diameter and average clove weight, whereas ”Balady” cv. showed higher number of cloves / plant.
3- Yield; cv. ”Sids-40” had significant higher values of both total fresh and cured yield / fed., as compared with cv. ”Balady”.
4- Percentage of N, P, K and NO3 in bulbs:- Cv. ”Sids — 40” had higher values of N and K whereas cv. ”Balady” showed higher values of P and NO3.
5- Weight loss during storage:- Cv. ”Balady” showed higher percentage of loss during the various periods of storage.
B- NH4NO3 rates:-
All the vegetative, bulb and yield parameters showed that the rate of 135 kg N / fed. was the most superior treatment, whereas percentage of K and NO3 in bulb as well as weight loss during the various periods of storage showed the highest values with N at the
~=. rate of 180 kg / fed.
C- Biofertilizers:-
Biogen which developed at Dep. Of Genetics, Minia univeristy showed higher values of most vegetative parameters as well as, bulb and yield characters except number of leaves, bulb diameter , weight of clove and percentage of P in bulb which did not show any response. On the other hand, Biogen showed significant reduction in percentage of weight loss during various periods of
storage. whereas, the total cured yield ( ton / fed. ) obtained from
biofertilizers was slightly lower than that obtained from the application of 90 kg N / fed., but it was significantly lower than the total cured yield obtained from the application of 135 kg N / fed.
D- Application of more than single fertilizer source:-
Results showed an increase on the growth parameter which indicate an additive effect although, the interaction of 90 kg N / fed. x biofertilizers showed lower total cured yield / fed. than that obtained from 135 N / fed. alone. However, among the various interactions, the
triple interaction of Sids — 40 cv. x 135 kg N/ fed. x Biogen gave the highest values of the mentioned characters.
Therefore, it could be concluded that planting garlic cv. ”Sids — 40” with application of 135 kg N / fed. and inoculation with Biogen may resulting on highest yield, yield quality and lower loss during storage, under similar environmental conditions.
II- Second experiment:- Effect of phosphorus sources and rates on the two ,I,Yarlic cultivars.
This experiment was carried to evaluate P fertilizer sources and rates on two garlic cultivars. Nine different treatments were applied as follow:-
1- control
2- phosphorien”
3- phosphorien + 15 kg P205 ”
4- phosphorien + 30 kg P205
5- phosphorien + 45 kg P205
6- phosphorien + 60 kg P205
7- orthophosphoric acid 2.0 Vo’
8- orthophosphoric acid 1.0 % + phosphorien
9- orthophosphoric acid 0 .5 % + phosphorien
The obtained results showed that:- A-Garlic cultivars:-
Differences between ”Sids — 40” cv. and ”Balady” cv. are identical as shown in the summary of the first experiment.
• x phosphorien (mixed at the rate of one kg / 100 kg wet cloves with 20 (1/0 Arabic gum solution jest before plantig.
• ” P205 as soil application.
• orthophosohoric acid as foliar spray.
B-P sources and rates:-
All the vegetative, bulb and yield parameters showed most significant increase with application of phosphorien at 45 kg P205 / fed. except bulbing ratio which showed its lowest value with orthophophhoric acid 2% and control plants. On the other hand, significant reduction in weight loss percentage during storage period were obtained with phosphorien and 45 kg P205 / fed. treatments. On the contrary, average clove weight did not show any response to the various treatments.
C-The interactions between cultivars and P sources and rates
’”• treatments:-
The interaction between ”Sids- 40” and phosphorien + 45 kg P2O5 / fed. showed to be the highest superior treatment on the most mentioned vegetative, bulb and yield parameters except plant height , number of cloves / bulb and P percentage in plant tissue which gave the highest values from the interactions of ”Balady” cv. and phosphorien + 45 kg / fed. in the meantime, significant reduction in percentage weight loss during storage were obtained
with the same treatment, in both seasons.
from the results obtained, it could be concluded that application of phosphorien + 45 P205 / fed. may be recommended for either cv. ”Sids — 40” or cv. ”Balady” to obtained higher yield , better quality and lower weight loss during storage of garlic under similar environmental conditions.
III- Third experiment:-Effect of mired biofertilizers sources and rates on the two garlic cultivars.
Five different biofertilizer treatment were mixed with wet
cloves at the rate of 1 kg / 100 kg wet cloves in the presence of Arabic gum 20 % solution, the treatments were as follow:-
1-control
2-0.5 kg Biogen + 0.5 kg Nitrobien
3-0.5 kg Biogen + 0.5 kg phosphorien
4-0.5 kg Nitrobien + 0.5 kg phosphorien
5- 0.25 kg Biogen + 0.25 kg Nitrobien + 0.5 kg phosphorien The obtained results could be summarized as follow:-
A- Garlic cultivars:-
Differences between mean values of vegetative growth, bulb, yield parameters and percentage loss during storage of ”Sids — 40” cv. and ”Balady” cv. are similar to those in the summary of the first experiment.
B- Mixed biofertilizers sources and rate treatments:-
Most of the vegetative growth , bulb and yield parameter showed the highest superior values with the biofertilizer treatment i.e; 0.25 kg Biogen + 0.25 kg Nitrobien + 0.5 kg phosphorien (treatment 5) except bulbing ratio and average weight of clove which did not show any significant response with various treatments.
C- The interactions between cultivars and biofertilizers treatment:-
The interactions of ”Sids — 40” cv. with the treatment of 0.25 kg Biogen + 0.25 kg Nitrobien + 0.5 kg Phosphorien ( treatment 5) showed the most superior values for most of all vegetative, bulb and yield parameters, except plant height, number of cloves / plant and P percentage in plant tissues which gave the highest values from the interactions of ”Balady” cv. with the same treatment number 5, in both seasons. In the meantime, bulbing ratio and
Summary and conclusion
average weight of clove did not show any significant response to
the various interactions, in both seasons.
It could be concluded that application of the organisms for
nitrogen fixation and phosphorien for P dissolving had enhanced plant growth and yield with better yield quality as well as lower No3 content and lower loss during storage. However, more studies showed be done to investigate and evaluate the proper chemical N and P rates in presence of such biofertilizer inoculation, and organic manures.