الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted in the Experimental farm at Inshas, Nuclear Research Center Atomic Energy Authority during 1997/98 and 1998/99 growing seasons to investigate the effect of plant residues, irrigation regimes and N-levels on wheat and the following sesame yield. The soil types was sandy with pH 7.9. Each experiment included 18 treatments which were the combination of three treatments of plant residues (for wheat i.e. without corn straw and casourina leaves as a residual effect for sesame) and three level of nitrogen for wheat plants (0, 60 and 120 kg N/fed.) and for sesame plants (0, 30 and 60 kg N/fed.) and two irrigation levels were used in wheat and sesame plants (irrigation at 50% and 70% loss of water holding capcity). The experimental design was a split-split plot with three replications. Wheat grain c.v. Shaka 69 was drilled in rows at 15 cm apart on November 16th in 1997/98 and 1998/99 seasons. Whereas sesame c.v. Giza 32 were sown on May 7th and 5th in 1998 and 1999 seasons, respectively. The characters
studied:
I- First study (wheat):
A- Growth characters: after 88 days from planting.
1-Plant height (cm) 10 plants.
2-Number of tillers / m2
3-Dry weight of tillers / m2
4-Flag leaf area (cm2).
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SUMMARY
B- Yield and its components:
1-Plant height (cm2) at harvesting time from 10 plants of each sub-sub plot.
2-Number of spikes / m2
3-Spike weight (g).
4-Number of grains / spike.
5-Number of grains / spike.
6-1000-grain weight (g).
7-Grain yield (kg / fed.) from the whole sub-sub plot.
8-Straw yield (kg / fed.) from the whole sub-sub plot. C- Chemical analysis:
1-Grain protein percentage.
2-Nitrogen use efficiency (N.U.E).
3-Water use efficiency (W.U.E).
II- Second study (sesame)
A- Growth characters after 75 days from planting (10 plants from each sub-sub plot):
1-Plant height (cm).
2-Shoots dry weight (g/m2).
B- Yield and yield components 10 plants from each sub-sub plot:
1-Plant height (cm).
2-Number of capsules / plant.
3-Number of capsules / m2.
4-1000-seed weight (g).
5-Seed weight / plant (g).
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SUMMARY
6-Seed yield / feddan (kg / fed.) from the whole sub-sub
plot.
7-Straw yield / feddan (kg / fed.) from the whole sub-
sub plot.
C- Chemical analysis:
1-Seed oil content %.
2-Oil yield (kg / fed.).
3-Seed protein content %.
4-Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).
5-Water use efficiency (WUE).
Results could be summarized as follows: I- First study (wheat):
A- Effect of plant residues:
1-Application of plant residues was significantly increased at 88 days from planting on plant height and at harvest, number of tillers/m2, flag leaf area and dry weight of tillers / m2 as compared without application of plant residues in sandy soil in the two growing seasons. Whereas no significant difference was obtained between application of corn straw and casourina leaves on all
growth characters under study.
2-Number of spikes / m2, spike weight, number of grains / spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield of wheat per feddan were significantly increased under different plant residues as compared with the control
treatments in both seasons.
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SUMMARY
SUMMARY
3-The application of corn straw and casourina leaves in sandy soil increased the grain yield / feddan over the untreated soil by 71.06 and 72.70%, respectively in the first season. While the corresponding increase were 58.74 and 59.37%, respectively in the second season.
4-Application of plant residues surpassed significantly untreated soil on protein content in wheat grains, N-use efficiency and water use efficiency. Application of casourina leaves to sandy soil gave the highest values of the above characters, followed by the application of corn
straw in both seasons.
5-The highest water use efficiency values was 0.918 and 1.102 kg grains/m3 of water consumed for application of casourina leaves in the first and second seasons, respectively. Whereas no significant difference was obtained between application of corn straw and casourina leaves on water use efficiency.
B- Effect of irrigation regimes:
1-Irrigation of wheat plants at 50% loss in water holding capacity gave the tallest plant at 88 days from planting and at harvest. The increment in plant and height reached about 34.05 and 27.69% at 88 days after planting at harvest, respectively as compared with irrigation at 70% soil moisture stress in the first season as well as 40.11 and 34.28%, respectively in the second season.
2-Number of tillers/m2, flag leaf area and dry weight of tillers/m2 were significantly increased by irrigation at
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SUMMARY 50% loss in water holding capacity as compared with irrigation at 70% soil moisture stress in both seasons.
3-Irrigation regimes had a significant effect on number of spikes / m2, spike weight, number of grains/spike, 1000-
grain weight, grain yield and straw yield per feddan in the two growing seasons.
4-Irrigation of wheat plants at 50% loss in water holding capacity significantly surpassed the irrigation at 70% soil moisture stress in grain yield / feddan by 89.91 and 82.60% in the first and second seasons, respectively.
5-Irrigation at 70% loss in water holding capacity gave the maximum protein content in wheat grains (10.34%), while irrigation at 50% soil moisture stress gave the minimum protein content (9.93%) in the first season only.
6-Irrigation to early i.e. at 50% loss in water holding capcity improved nitrogen utilization and water use efficiency
compared to which irrigated to late i.e. at 70% loss in water holding capacity.
7-The highest water use efficiency value was 0.834 and 1.010 kg grains/m3 of consumed water scored from
irrigation at 50% soil moisture depletion in the first and second seasons, respectively.
C- Effect of N-levels :
1- N-application significantly increased wheat plant height at 88 days after planting and at harvest, number of tillers/m2, flag leaf area and dry weight of tillers/m2 in both seasons.
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SUMMARY
2-The application of 60 and 120 kg N/feddan increased flag leaf area by 160.38% and 228.71% over the check treatment and increased dry weight of tillers / m2 by 93.57% and 113.01%, respectively in the average of the
two seasons.
3-Number of spikes/m2, spike weight, number of grains /
spike and 1000-grain weight were significantly increased
by increasing N level from zero to 120 kg N / feddan in
the two growing seasons.
4-The application of 60 and 120 kg N/feddan significantly increased grain yield / feddan over the control without application of nitrogen fertilizer by 154.45% and 215.1% in the average of the two season.
5-Straw yield of wheat was significantly increased with increasing N-level up to 120 kg N/feddan in both seasons.
6-The highest mean values of protein content in wheat grain (10.42 and 10.84%), N-use efficiency (28.38 and 26.13%) and water use efficiency (1.021 and 1.284 kg grains/m3 of consumed water) in the first and second seasons, respectively, by adding 120 kg N / feddan.
D- Interaction effects :
There were a significant differences of all studied characters of growth, yield and yield components as well as protein, N use efficiency and water use efficiency by the interaction between plant residues x irrigation regimes, plant residues x N-level, irrigation regimes x N-level and the interaction between the three factors under study in both seasons.
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SUMMARY
Table (32) indicates the highest response values of the
significant interactions and the combination of factors recording these values in both seasons.
II- Second study (sesame):
A- Effect of plant residues:
1- Sesame plant height at 75 days from planting and at harvest time were significantly increased when plants grown in sandy soil treated with casourina and corn straw residues as compared to which grown in sandy soil untreated with residual of plant in both seasons. The tallest plant was obtained from residual of casourina leaves followed by residual of corn straw.
2- Application of corn straw and casourina leaves before planting wheat significantly increased dry weight of sesame plants /m2 by 111.0% and 119% over untreated
with residual of plant, respectively in the average of the two seasons.
3- Capsules number per plant and per m2 showed a
considerable differences and significant increased as a
result of planting sesame plants in sandy soil with residual
effect of corn straw and casourina leaves as compared to
the plants in pure sandy soil. The increment in capsules
number / m2 reached about 69.6 and 84.3% in the first
season as well as 42.9 and 46.8% for the residual of corn
straw and casourina leaves over the check treatment, respectively in the second season.
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SUMMARY
4- Application of casourina residues before planting wheat gave the maximum values of seed yield / plant, 1000-seeds weight, seed yield and straw yield / feddan in both seasons. The soil treated with corn straw and casourina residues showed a significant increased reached about 134.16 and 147.28%, respectively for seed yield / feddan in the first season, whereas the corresponding increases
were 90.18 and 100.0%, respectively in the second season.
5- Seed oil percentage, oil yield / feddan and seed protein percentage were significantly increased when plants grown in sandy soil treated with residual of casourina and corn straw as compared to which grown in pure sandy soil in the two growing seasons.
6- The highest percentage of N-use efficiency was 33.49 and 31.51%, produced from residual of corn straw in the sandy soil in the first and second seasons, respectively. Whereas no significant difference was obtained between residual of casourina leaves and corn straw on N-use efficiency in the first season.
7- Water use efficiency increased significantly by applying
of plant residues to sandy soil in both seasons. The
maximum water use efficiency value was 269 and 223 g.
seeds / m3 of water consumed for residual of casourina
leaves in sandy soil in the first and second seasons, respectively.
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SUMMARY
B- Effect of irrigation regimes:
1-Irrigation of sesame at 50% loss in water holding capcity gave the tallest plant at 75 days after planting (130 and 157 cm) and at harvest (142 and 137 cm) in the first and second seasons, respectively.
2-Irrigation at 50% loss in water holding capacity significantly surpassed the irrigation at 70% soil moisture stress in dry weight of plants/m2 in the two growing seasons. The increases reached 157.3 and 153.2% in first and second seasons, respectively.
3-Number of capsules / plant and per m2, seed yield / plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and straw yield / feddan were significantly affected by irrigation regimess in both seasons. The increment in seed yield was 91.6 and 109.9% for the irrigation to early in the first and second
seasons, respectively.
4-Irrigation of sesame plant at 50% loss in water of holding capcity had a significant increase in seed oil content, oil yield / feddan, N-use efficiency and water use efficiency. Whereas, seed protein content was significantly increased by increasing soil moisture stress in both season.
5-Water use efficiency was increment as a result of early irrigation reached 34.5 and 51.5% in the first and second seasons, respectively as compared to late irrigation.
C- Effect of N-level :
1- The mean values of sesame plant height at 75 days from planting and at harvest and dry weight of plants/ m2 were
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SUMMARY significantly increased by increasing N-level up to 60 kg N / feddan in the two growing seasons.
2- Application of 60 kg N / feddan gave the highest values
of capsules number / plant (42.6 and 33.1), highest
capsules number / m2 (943 and 719), maximum values of
seed yield / plant (5.69 and 5.05g.) and highest 1000-seed
weight (3.18 and 3.23 g) in the first and second seasons, respectively.
3- The application of 30 and 60 kg N / feddan significantly
increased seed yield / feddan by 213.9 and 300%,
respectively and straw yield / feddan by 190.19 and
278.06%, respectively in the first season. The
corresponding increases were 207.4 and 342.5% for seed
yield, respectively and 198.51 and 321.95% for straw
yield, respectively in the second season.
4-The highest value of seed oil percentage was produced from applied 30 kg N / feddan in both seasons.
5-N-level significantly affected oil yield / feddan, seed protein content, N-use efficiency and water use efficiency in both seasons. The greatest values of the above
characters were recorded at the highest N-level (60 kg N / feddan).
6-Application of 30 and 60 kg N / feddan increased water
use efficiency by 0.159 and 0.215 kg seeds / m3 of water
consumed, respectively over unfertilized plants in the first
season. The corresponding increases were 0.127 and
0.198 kg seeds / rn3 of water consumed, respectively in the second season.
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SUMMARY
D- Interaction effects:
The effect of the interaction between plant residues x irrigation regimes, plant residues x N-level, irrigation regimes x N-level and the interaction between plant residues x irrigation regimes x N-level were significant on plant height, dry weight of plants/m2, number of capsules per plant and per m2, seed yield / plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and straw yield / feddan as well as seed oil content, oil yield / feddan, seed protein content, N-use efficiency and water use efficiency in the two growing
seasons.
Table (33) shows the highest response values of the significant interactions and the combination of factors recording
these values in both seasons.