الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nosocomial infection is defined as infection occurring 48 hours after hospital admission or within 48 hours after being discharged.hi a multicenter international study, ICU patients with infections can be divided into three groups: those with community-acquired infections, those with hospital-acquired infections before transfer to the ICU, and those with ICU-acquired infections.Ninety percent of the (nosocomial infections) NIs are caused by bacteria, whereas mycobacterial, viral, fungal or protozoal agents are less commonly involved. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among the most common causative agents of NIs. Large usage of broad spectrum antibiotics in hospital environment promoted emergence of newer organisms such as Acinetobacter baumanni, S. maltophilia and B. cepacia.The high rate of incidence of NIs is a frequent problem in ICUs. Rates are as high as 36 to 54% patient-days in surgical ICUs and 23 to 47% patient-days in medical ICUs.Many factors influence the risk of NI including underlying diseases, duration of ICU stay, number, type and duration of invasive devices and procedures, severity of illness, emergency admission to ICU, transfer to the ICU from another unit, stress ulcer prophylaxis, administration of muscle relaxing drugs and altered conciousness.