الفهرس 
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Abstract
The measurement of small displacement is of a great upor’tanoe i.n the study of several phenomenon, such as thermal expansion of metals and semiconducto~sl, magnetostrictions2, elastic, plastic and anelastic deformations of metals. The measurement of these small displacemencs is usually done by electrical methods (Transducers).Although these displacements can be detected optically or mechanically, oche electrical methods present several advantages. High accuracy and sensitivity, possibility of ’transmission of the output signal through long distances ;’, and ’the variation in the output can be used as an error signal for automatic control of the measured quantity. That is. wh;r these’ instruments a~e widely used in industry and production? The transducer is the sensing element that can transform the non-elec~rical quantity into a measured electrical signal ,by geometrical modification of i t6 parameters. There are several types of electrical transducers (resistive, inductive, capacitive, piezoelectric and magnetostrictive).