الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted during 2007 and 2008 seasons on Superior grapevines growing in sandy saline soil having 1500 ppm salinity in a private vineyard located at El-Wakef district, Qena Governorate. The soil is well drained and water table not less than two meters deep. The chosen vines are trained according to cane pruning system using Gable shape supporting system. Vine load was adjusted to 60 eyes for all the selected vines by leaving six fruiting canes × 9 eyes plus six renewal spurs × two eyes. Planting density is 1.5 × 2.5 meters.
This study was conducted to examine the effect of some antisalinity agents on alleviating the adverse effects of soil salinity on vegetative growth, vine nutritional status and fruiting of Superior grapevines.
The present experiment involved two factors. The first factor comprised from four frequencies of yeast applied via soil namely none, one, two or three times at fixed rate namely 30 g/vine. The second factor contained the following six antisalinity treatments:
Without using antisalinity agents.
Using gypsum at 5.0 kg/vine.
Using elemental sulphur at 0.5 kg/vine.
Using Dynamic K at 5 cm/vine.
Using F.Y.M at 20 kg/vine.
Intercropping with alfa alfa.
Therefore, the experiment included twenty four treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times, one vine per each. Gypsum and elemental sulphur were applied once at growth start. Dynamic K was added twice at growth start and at one month later. F.Y.M was added once in the middle of January.
Completely randomized block design in splite. Plot arrangement was followed. The four yeast treatments and the six antisalinity treatments occupied the main plots and the sub plots, respectively.
In both seasons, the following vegetative growth characters, leaf nutrient concentrations, yield as well as physical and chemical characters of the berries were measured:
Main shoot length and leaf area (cm2) .
Percentages of N, P, K, Na and Cl in the leaves.
Berry set %.
Yield/tree expressed in weight (kg.) and number of clusters per vine.
Weight (kg.); length and width of cluster (cm).
Weight (g.); longitudinal and equatorial of berry in cm.
Percentage of shot berries.
Percentages of total soluble solids and total sugars.
Percentage of total acidity (as tartaric acid).
The ratio between total soluble solids and acid.
The nearly same obtained data in both seasons could be summarized under the following main items :
Main shoot length and leaf area:-
Main shoot length and leaf area of the vines growing under saline soil were gradually stimulated with increasing yeast frequencies. No material promotion was recorded among the use of yeast twice or three times.
Application of gypsum at 5.0 kg/vine, Dynamic K at 5 cm/vine, F.Y.M at 20 kg/vine, elemental sulphur at 0.5 kg/vine and intercropping, in descending order was very effective for alleviating the adverse effects of soil salinity on the leaf area and main shoot length.
Amending the vines growing under saline soil with gypsum at 5.0 kg/vine along with yeast twice at 30 g/vine is suggested to be beneficial for counteracting the inferior effects of salinity on growth characters of Superior grapevines.
Percentages of N, P, K, Na and Cl in the leaves:
Application of yeast at 30 g/vine once or divided into two or three batches obviously enhanced percentages of N, P and K and decreased percentages of Na and Cl. compared to leaving the vines growing under saline soil without treatment. Increasing yeast frequencies for the vines growing under saline soil was accompanied with increasing N, P and K and decreasing both Na and Cl gradually.
Supplying Superior grapevines growing under saline soil with gypsum, Dynamic K, F.Y.M, elemental sulphur and intercropping, in descending order was very effective for avoiding the adverse effects of salinity on uptake of essential elements namely N, P and K rather than non-application. Vines growing under saline soil and did not treat with these antisalinity had the minimum N, P and K and the maximum Na and Cl.
Amending the vines growing under saline soil with gypsum and yeast twice resulted in great overcoming on the adverse effects of salinity on uptake of essential elements. Untreating the vines under stress salt conditions with these antisalinity agents gave the minimum values of N, P, and K and the maximum values of Na and Cl.
Percentage of berry setting, yield as well as cluster weight and dimensions.
Soil addition of yeast at 30 g/vine either once or divided into two or three batches obviously resulted in great promotion on berry set %, yield expressed in weight and number of clusters per vine as well as cluster weight and dimensions of the vines growing under saline soil rather than non-addition of yeast. The promotion was in proportional to increasing yeast frequencies.
Berry set %, yield expressed in weight and number of clusters per vine as well as cluster weight and dimensions were positively affected when the vines growing under saline soil were subjected to gypsum, Dynamic K, F.Y.M, elemental sulphur and intercropping, in descending order. Vines exposing to soil salinity and untreating with antisalinity agents gave the minimum values. This approved that using these agents obviously counteracted the adverse effects of soil salinity on production of Superior grapevines.
For obtaining an economical yield of Superior grapevines growing under saline soil, it is advised to supply the vines with gypsum at 5.0 kg/vine beside yeast at 30 g at two equal batches. The best second treatment was application of Dynamic K at 5.0 cm/vine along with two addition of yeast at 30 g/vine.
Physical and chemical characters of the berries.
One, two or three additions of yeast at fixed rate (30 g/vine) was responsible for enhancing quality of berries in vines subjected to saline soil expressed in increasing berry weight and dimension, total soluble solids, total sugars and T.S.S/acid and in decreasing shot berries and total acidity rather than non-application of yeast. The promotion on quality of the berries was associated with increasing yeast frequencies.
Amending Superior grapevines growing under saline soil with gypsum, Dynamic K, F.Y.M, elemental sulphur and intercropping, in decreasing order was considerably favour for improving fruit quality in terms of increasing berry weight and dimensions, total soluble solids, total sugars and T.S.S/acid and in decreasing shot berries and total acidity as compared with leaving the vines without treatments.
Using gypsum at 5.0 kg/vine aside from two additions of yeast at 30 g/vine to the vines growing under saline soil proved to be very effective for enhancing physical and chemical quality of the berries in grapevine cv. Superior